Wage Discrimination against Women Essay -- Expository Exemplification

The Womens Equal Rights Movement has made dramatic move on in the last one hundred age. As a result, a woman can now vote, choose almost any c argonr, and defend her benevolent right to happiness. But, in spite of the progress made in the area of play off rights, wage problems in the workplace still exist which deny women equal pay for equal work. SUCCESSES Women are closing the gender gap in workplace and higher education. They are starting to climb the corporate ladder and are moving into managerial positions. Forty-three percent of managers are women today as opposed to the nineteen percent who were managers in 1970 (Almost, But Not Quite, Equal 1). Women are also receiving a higher level of education. They earned forty-five percent of the law degrees in 1994 compared to eight percent in 1972. Education is an important contribute factor to the progress being made in reducing the discrepancy in salary surrounded by genders. With women becoming better educated than 20 ye ars ago, potential for a higher salary is great. Today, women earn fifty percent of all college degrees and forty percent of all medical degrees. It is, perhaps, because of education that womens wages grew, on average, twenty percent faster than mens from 1920-1980 (Clark 174). The situation is not that fewer men have been attending college, but that a greater number of women are able, encouraged and willing to take the next step in education than ever before. PROBLEMS Despite all that has been accomplished, wage equality between men and women has not yet been reached. Overall, women only earn 74% of what men do in America (Equal Pay). In the higher job positions, with higher wages, in that respect is a lack of female presence. An example of ... ... themselves need to realize what can be accomplished and what blocks the way. And then with those complications resolved, women stand a better chance of receiving equal pay for equal work. Works Cited Across Globe, Women Earn Les s. The Des Moines Register 30 July 1996, sec. Business 10. Almost, But Not Quite, Equal. US News & World account 13 Jan. 1997 1. Clark, Charles S., et al. Feminisms Future. CQ Researcher 28 Feb. 1997 169-192 Equal Opportunity? Glamour Aug. 1996 92. Equal Pay. Home page. Mar. 1998. Feminist Womens Health Center http//www.fwhc.org/equalpay.htm Hankin, Joseph N., The Gains work Women Have Made. Vital Speeches of the Day 1 Dec. 1996 113-115. Koretz, Gene. But What of the Wage Gap? Business Week 23 Oct. 1997. 11 Oct. 1999. http//www.businessweek.com/1997/44/b3551078.htm

The Hostility Between Gene and Finny in A Separate Peace by John Knowle

The Hostility Between cistron and Finny in A pick out Peace by keister Knowles cistron feels increasing hostility toward Finny before his fall from the tree. In the novel A SEPARATE PEACE by John Knowles, the hostility surrounded by Gene and Finny increase because of the competition inside of them both to be better then one a nonher. It is round the increasing competition between Gene and Finny and the hostility it brings. The hostility finally burst inside Gene and for one instant it takes over. It makes him do something he will always regret. Genes increasing hostility towards Finny finally brings the down fall of their friendship.Genes first form of hostility toward Finny was the realization thatFinny could get away with anything. First represent was when Finny waswearing his emblem, the pink button-down shirt, and Mr. Patch-Witherscame up to him. Mr. Patch-Withers ask him about the shirt and Finny toldhim the meaning of the shirt. As he explained the substitute headmasterb ecame more amused about the situation and allowed Finny to get awaywith breaking the school aline code. After this instance Gene admitted tobeing envious of Finny in this Quote, I was beginning to guess that Phineascould get away with anything. I couldnt help envying him that a little,which is perfectly normal. There was no harm in envying your best frienda little. (18) In this quote Gene is just saying that he envies his bestfriend for some thing that he cant do. This situation is the first of moreforms of hostility towards Finny that brings about the incident in the tree.At the Patch-Withers party anther sign of Genes increasing envy towardsFinny is shown. This happens when Finny again gets away with breakingthe dress code. At the party when discussing the bombing of Europe, Mr.Patch-Withers discovers that Finny is wearing the school tie with his pinkshirt. With some quick anecdotes about how his shirt is a contribution tothe war try and also be glad he wore a belt because his pants could falldown. With these quick anecdotes Finny got away with it, gave Mr.Patch-Withers a good laugh and enraged Genes envy towards Finny.Gene gave this quote about the instance, He (Finny) had gotten awaywith everything. I felt a sudden stab of disappointment........ (21) Genereally does not know what he is feeling he says, but deep down it is hi... ...out towreck my studies. That explained blitzball, that explained the nightlymeetings of the Super Suicide Society.............Sure he wanted to shareeverything with me , especially his Ds in every subject. That way he, thegreat athlete, would be way ahead of me. It was all cold trickery, it was allcalculated, it was all enmity. (45) Gene thinks he was doing this bycramming his schedule with clubs and sports so that he wont have time tostudy and wreck his school grades. Then Finny can be better than him ateverything. Genes misunderstanding of Finny, not understanding that Genedid need to study and that it did not come natural ly, enraged Gene more devising him ready to explode. I (Finny) didnt know you needed to study.(50) When Finny said this Gene took it way out of proportion making itGenes final straw. Gene was so enraged that he could not take it that Finnyonly meant that brains came natural. With the final straw gone Gene lost it.His mind was in such murkiness that he followed Finny out to the tree. Heclimbed up it, and with out any regard for human life, Gene exploded. Heshook the limb making Finny lose his ratio and fall to the ground.

All My Sons :: All My Sons by Arthur Miller

1. In the play All My Sons, by Arthur Miller, the word father means the personification of goodness and infallibility to Chris Keller. There was a sloshed relationship betwixt Chris and his father, Joe. Everything Joe had done in his life was for Chris. His entire factory was intended for Chris once he retired. 2. Throughout the play, there was question of Joes innocence in the death of twenty-one pilots, who were flying planes that had parts from Joes factory. Chris strongly believed that his father played no part in those deaths and that the blame lay entirely on Joes partner, Herbert Deever. At the end of the play, Chris realization that his father was guilty brings about anger and then remorse, when Joe commits suicide due to his guilty conscience. Joe has done everything in his life for his sons.3. Once his elder son Larry died in the war, Joe devoted his life to his younger son Chris. KELLER. Because what the hell did I work for? Thats only for you, Chris, the strong shoo tin-match is for you. Many businesses are handed down from generation to generation. Joe felt his role in life was to build a business that his son could take everywhere once he got too old to run it. His love and hope for Chris blinded Joes ability to make a thoughtful and rational end regarding faulty parts from his factory. This resulted in the death of the pilots. Joe completely disregarded the lives that his parts would be affecting because all he cared about was his son. The love that Joe displayed to his son was returned in the love and respect that Chris had for his father. GEORGE. But you know him. You know in your heart Joe did it. CHRIS. Lower your voice or Ill throw you out of here. George Deevers brush with Chris about his fathers guilt demonstrated Chris belief that his father was not guilty of any crime. He refused to believe that his father played a role in shipping the defective parts to the government. This only reinforced the idea that there was a strong father son bond between Joe and Chris. 4. The moral values that were instilled in Chris blocked him from believing that his father was capable of anything else but good. These values prove to be the eventual down fall of Joe.

Niagara Falls :: essays research papers

Niagara falls, one of the worlds greatest natural wonders, can only be described as breath taking. No take what time of year, whether its the beautiful rainbows glistening in the mist, or the magnificent ice bridge created by the cold of winter, Niagara Falls always seems to amaze its scaners.School supports called it one of the greatest wonders of the world, bringing to mind pictures of a far away, unattainable place. It seemed like a larger-than-life miracle of nature. As a child, I believed that Niagara Falls, like Mt. Rushmore and the overbearing Canyon were all very real attractions of the United States. I was given the facts and numbers, but never could my young mind comprehend the actual size and richness of the falls.This past June, I was given the opportunity to travel to Canada and see the expansive falls with my own eyes. Perhaps the most amazing aspect of the falls is that they ar not in some far away place in the country. They are right smack in the middle of a to wn, the town of Niagara Falls. As a child, I envisioned the falls as a giant rushing shower of water. However, I could never have imagined the great beauty and inanimate view the falls offer.The falls serve as a border between the U.S. (New York) and Canada (Ontario). The falls actually consist of the American Bridal Veil Falls and the Canadian Horseshoe Falls, collectively called Niagara. They were created 12,000 years ago when large glaciers retreated allowing the Niagara River to flow over large sections of rock. There are several ways to view the falls, but perhaps the best way to observe the splendor and majesty of Niagara Falls is through and through a tour. Our tour guide directed us through many of the unseen attractions including the man-made tunnels behind the falls. Here, several look-out points allowed us to observe the incredible speed at which the water rushed over the rock. The water flows at an amazing 212,000 cubic feet of water per second. We were also guided to t he basin where the falls originated miles away. In fact, over the last 12,000 years, the falls have eroded back 7 miles. The incredible history of the falls came to life when I actually viewed them with my own eyes. No schoolbook could possibly give an understanding of the vastness of the falls. Nor could a book bring to life the remarkable history behind this amazing wonder of nature.

Aims, Methods and Success of the use of Propaganda in Two Single Party

Compare and contrast the aims, methods and achiever of the use of propaganda in two single party states.Essentially, both Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler had the same fanatic desire to hire their nations Great and gain considerable respect worldwide which would be determined by their economic might. Both leaders used various means of propaganda to procure their ultimate aims. To what extent they were successful, however, is a debatable issue. Hitler could not achieve the solid discipline over the masses which he had, if he did not have the friend of the so called powerful propaganda machine. Propaganda had been vital in winning the Nazis support that helped them come into power. As Goebbels stated in 1934 Propaganda was their sharpest heavy weapon in conquering the state, and remains their sharpest weapon in maintaining and building up the state. The reason why Nazis relied on propaganda was first to keep the population contented and second win support for grumpy policies. some other rather ambitious aim of theirs was to indoctrinate the people with their Weltanschauung or in other words they were aiming to turn the population into committed members of their Volksgemeinschaft (a society whose members would be Aryan, genetically healthy, socially useful and politically committed to the regime). Nazi propagandas purpose was to influence people and to literally brainwash them without them even realizing it. Another aim was to ensure that the message delivered is so simple that even those without any education are able to understand it. It was carefully thought out to control and impose Nazi ideology. Hitlers aim was to influence the nations spiritually on the behalf of the State and gain devoted followers on his side. He ... ...ngthen if not necessarily to convert millions to Fascism. It is a fact that Mussolinis dictatorship was more conservative that that of Hitlers reign of hostility and terror. Nevertheless, both leaders used propaganda extensive ly to nurture their ideologies and policies. Hitler on one hand relied mostly on the media and other means of communication to propagate wherever and whenever it is possible, whereas Mussolini focused mainly on propagating in schools. Hitlers propaganda was much more aggressive as it involved violence and then differentiating his means from that of Mussolinis. Last but not least, both leaders did achieve success to certain level trough propaganda in the sense that it increased popularity for the two regimes, Nazism and Fascism. Yet, there were many who opposed them secretly or not and thus arguing the extend to which they were successful.

Comparative essay between two poems namely, Half - Caste by John

Comparative essay between two poems namely, Half - caste by John Agard and Unrelated Incidents by Tom Leonard. John Agard and Unrelated Incidents by Tom Leonard.You can clearly see before you begin to call for these poems that they areset out differently to your average poem. For example in UnrelatedIncidents that there are no more than four words per poem. The punctuation in Unrelated Incidents is based on the phanetic carriage ofspelling, this means that you spell the way speak and pronounce words.The poems is also meant to be spoken in a Glaswegian accent. In Half- Caste its spelt and meant to be spoken in a Caribbean Patois.In both poems theyre defending the way that they are (The colour ofhis skin in Half - Caste and his accent in Unrelated Incidents). InHalf - Caste he defends himself by adage that you dont discriminateagainst a Picasso painting or a Tchaikovsky symphony because theyrehalf - caste, but in Unrelated Incidents his defence is slimlydifference claiming that t here are never any over news readers apartfrom ones with posh and standard English accents.Unrelated IncidentsTom Leonard was born in Glasgow. He has described his childhoodupbringing as working class West of Scotland Irish Catholic (hisfather was from Dublin). Although his passport identifies him as aBritish citizen, Tom Leonard sees himself as well sparing.Unrelated incidents, the poem. Is set out as if it was being read offa television autocue. There is very little punctuation and the wordsare spelt phonetically. The way that this poem is written, it iswritten like this because the poem is about BBC newsreaders. Its laidout as if it was being read on the 6 oclock news.Almost all ... ...because he mixed a variety of colours in hispaintings? Should the English weather be scorned because it is full of solarise and darkness? Should Tchaikovskys music be seen as inferiorbecause he used both the black notes and the white notes on the piano?Is someone who is called a half caste solel y half a person? John Agardasks the reader to begin to esteem in a more open-minded way.The poem is set out is a peculiar way as it only contains a maximum of8 words per line. Also this poem contains no punctuation at all. Ithink that this is put in to create an impact on the reader. He hasalso spelt his words the way as he would speak them. Its a way ofphonetic speaking.Overall both poems are tying to prove the same point, that they arediscriminated because of who they are. John Agard for being half -cast and Tom Leonard because of his Scottish accent.

Massacre At Mystic

position Puritans assembled an whole in alliance. They all had one goal eradicate the most powerful tribe in gray New England, The Opaque Tribe. They began conflicting over property, warfare, division of labor and nature. The English thought the Puritan men were lazy beca exercise the women did all the cooking and gardening. The alliance make a deal to not harm women or children. On that night, the group, led by John Mason, snuck to the Opaque village, with the Intent to kill the men.The Opaque forces were too strong. The puritans and so decided to burn the village, with the Bouquets Inside. Hundreds of Bouquets were killed, as well as some Englishmen, others were sold Into slavery. This, In turn, harmed the elderly, men, women, and children. The massacre was a tragic event that had forever changed America for the natives. The English believed that the only way of life, was their way of life. Their goal was western expansion. The Natives, unfortunately for the English, controlle d all of the western land. Puritans manipulated native enemies into killing one another.A systematic idea of killing all Bouquets began only a few weeks later. As a result, the Opaque tribe was considered extinct, even though little re principal(prenominal)ed. The English hoped the few remaining would forget their ways. The Narragansett Tribe, well-nigh eighty years later, was destroyed in the King Philips War. The final Bouquets reemerged in Connecticut on a reservation appointed by the government. The land was unwieldy for survival due to insufficient soil and many other factors. Their reservation became smaller and smaller as the English began to take the land for arsenal use or for money.The Puritans goal of wiping out the Opaque Tribe was almost a success. Nearly three hundred years later, only three Opaque remained. They were all elderly women, living alone on the reservation. The women intended to restore the native tribe. Eventually, the land was returned to the Opaque grou p. The reservation was considered a separate country from the United States. No taxes were enforced, in fact, none were created at all. There was a government and police force established. Enhancement Opaque Museum is a museum that tells of all the vents the occurred in the history of the tribe.The Pestos main source of successfulness was the casino they built. It Is still, to this day, the largest casino In the United States. Nevertheless the Opaque Tribe still engages In the same rituals and old traditions practiced in the lead the massacre. They still condemned mistrust and apprehension since the massacre. As of today the Opaque Tribe Is still considered nonexistent. Although some do not consider the Opaque as an participating tribe, It Is notorious for their great recovery of the ancient ways and legends of the group.The Puritans we not effected by their expedition because they were under the Impression they were doing good. The tragic event eventually caused prosperity altho ugh many lives were taken. If the Puritans had not done this though, America would be a completely different place. The incident did, in fact, change American history and America today. BY Ian-11234 On May 26th, 1637, a group of Narragansett and Monica Native Americans along led by John Mason, snuck to the Opaque village, with the intent to kill the men. The the Bouquets inside.Hundreds of Bouquets were killed, as well as some Englishmen, others were sold into slavery. This, in turn, harmed the elderly, men, women, and prosperity was the casino they built. It is still, to this day, the largest casino in the United States. Nevertheless the Opaque Tribe still engages in the same rituals and suspicion since the massacre. As of today the Opaque Tribe is still considered nonexistent. Although some do not consider the Opaque as an active tribe, it is Puritans we not effected by their expedition because they were under the impression

An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr)

AN ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) VIEWS FROM MALAYSIAN COMPANIES ABSTRACTS Purpose The begin of this paper is to explore the views of managers among Malaysian companies towards embodied cordial obligation and how it influences worry ethics. Design/methodology/approach This paper analyses the views of Malaysian managers regarding corporate accessible business. Interviews were conducted to 12 memorial t qualifiedts in Malaysia comprising of major corporations as well as Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs).Findings The findings reveal that out of 12 companies selected across the Klang Valley, Malaysia, seven companies exercise corporate social obligation for the sake of its brand name estimate and good reputation. Majority of the managers interviewed prevaild that corporate social responsibility should be implemented in tramp to consecrate to the association. Originality The literature review is expected to cater the link betwixt conventional CSR con cept with Islamic values and principles.This paper recommends companies especially in Malaysia to adopt corporate social responsibility as an ethical motivation rather than instrumental means. Keywords Business, Ethics, integrated kind Responsibility, Organization, Malaysia INTRODUCTION Over the last recent years, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been enclosureed to be a significant issue within global business organisations. The core purpose of CSR is to fulfil a connections responsibility towards its s gather inholders in bourns of economic, social and environs (Siwar & Md T beq, 2009).However, the fundamental basis act of selfless contri thoion for the public has been tarnished and d professgraded by huge corporate businesses when CSR began to be treated as a means to gain hit maximization which is driven by self-interest by enlarge. There are several meanings to restrain the concept of corporate social responsibility. First, CSR are the obligations entrusted upon business organisations to utilise its resources efficiently in order to bring benefits to the stakeholders by fulfilling its duties as a member of the familiarity itself (Kok et al, 2001 Adam & Zutshi, 2004).The conventional definition of CSR is derived from the concept of vicegerency in Islam according to Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 31. Albeit the concept of CSR is defined in demonstrable aspects, it does not throw out the possibility of organism carried out and practiced in an unethical paradoxical manner. Business ethics is understood to be what is acceptable and not acceptable that can be conducted in the business based on stakeholders. The main objective of this article is to focus on the perspective of Malaysian managers towards the views of CSR and how it is implemented in the government.LITERATURE REVIEW Based on the consider of our articles, CSR manifests several business benefits, namely, good image and reputation, nominateing a electropositive race with the custo mers, a better recruitment and retention of talented employees, positive motivation in better playing environment, improving monetary returns and reducing CSR related risks. These benefits are measured based on the preference of (a) consumers, (b) employees, and (c) upholding the organizations reputable name. Firstly, consumers are one of the near important stakeholders of an organization.Firms, which are socially trusty, transparent, and trustworthy, are at a better position of gaining consumer preferences (Willmott, 2001 & Mitchell, 2001 Knox & Maklan, 2004). The higher the awareness of social contribution, the more than enhanced positive effects are on consumer purchase intention (Lee & Shin, 2009). The organization can in like manner improve their consumption experience with customers by conducting CSR activities. Customers are comm yet in favour to buy products from well-established companies that practice CSR activities, giving these organizations a good marketing strate gy by word-of-mouth (Knox & Maklan, 2004).They believe that the come with will be ethically responsible to the product and services that they produce. Thus, this outgrowths brand loyalty from the customers. Secondly, stakeholders of an organization also consist of its employees. When a family is known for its responsible indorseground, people will be more attracted to be constituten a position in that particular organization. The ethically defined practice assists the organization in attracting and retaining talented employees in order to improve organization performance Adams & Zutshi, 2004 Knox & Maklan, 2004). Besides that, Weber, (2008) fit ind that CSR can also directly motivate its employees. This shows that the practise of CSR by the company enhances an ethical working environment, which will influences the motivation level of the companies employees. Moreover, CSR will diminish employee turnover. In exploring the relationship between CSR and employee turnover, Galbreat h, (2010) relies on the employee justice perceptions possibility. The key mechanism for this theory measures an organizations level of fairness.The degenerates exhibit fairness in their actions, if the firms show concern for both internal and external stakeholders through social contribution. Thus, the employees evaluate the firm as one that is just and fair. Both directly and indirectly, employees are influenced to stay and continue to contribute to the company in reaching its main goal. Following (Reich, 2007 Devinney, 2009), an organization that practices CSR would run through more satisfied customers, employees, and owners, which would contribute to long- name sustainable instruction.Lastly, maintaining an organizations respectable name is just as important as preserving the benefit of its stakeholders. Performing CSR in an organization wait ons in building a positive image and reputation (Weber, 2008 Galbreath, 2010). A good image and reputation will help the organization to gain and retain customers easily. Furthermore, CSR can also be treated as a means to manage and minimize CSR risks of powerful consumer boycott by external parties (Weber, 2008) as well as loss of corporate reputation (Knox & Maklan, 2004).CSR can also increase corporate revenue through higher gross revenue and market shares (Weber, 2008). These financial returns can be achieved directly by CSR-driven products or market development or even indirectly through an improved brand image and reputation. This is however, seen from a different particular of view by Friedman, (1970). He argues that CSR should not be a part of an organizations social responsibility. This was preceded by an elaboration of foc exploitation on profit maximization as the only importance of an organization. It is rational to oppose this theory as businesses should not lace profit maximization as its only main goal, but instead take time to satisfy the stakeholders and be socially responsible (Samy, Odemilin & Bampton, 2010). From a strategic point of view, the fact that CSR benefits the firm and stakeholders will only be true if the firms conduct it efficiently. There is a difference between doing the right topic and doing things right. Conducting CSR is doing the right thing and to conduct it efficiently means doing it right. Thus, firms must ensure that they conduct strategic CSR as it brings significant business related benefits to the firm.It supports core business activities, which contributes to the firms effectiveness towards achieving its mission ( remove & Logsdon, 1996). The obligations of organizations regarding the practice of CSR are not extended beyond their some valuable stakeholders. Organizations are less able to set priorities among the rest, as in that location is no constant approach to placing importance on their secondary stakeholders (Knox and Maklan, 2004). The downside of most organizations is that they will only take notice of current social situations when t hither is a possibility of gaining economic returns.Devinney (2009) has discovered five points of natural vices, which draw attention to the major philosophical problems with CSR. Firstly, the role of corporation is only for generating profit not to straighten out the problems of smart set. This is in line with Friedman (1970), which claimed that the only responsibility of a corporation is to maximize economic returns. Next, corporation alter the societal standards based on their own take ins. Although corporations have a much better understanding of the benefits and cost of practising CSR, this gives them the advantage to make sure that the most valuable constituencies are in their favour.Besides, corporations are not representing the society as a whole. Major corporations are considered to be among the urban upper middle class, which inevitably does not cater for the poor and less fortunate ones of the society. higher up and beyond of that, most of corporations are socially co nservative as they resist making changes towards their organization practices unless the changes will produce profit to them. Lastly, CSR allows government to forgo round of their responsibilities, thus making social services provided by private companies more distinct in the eyes of the society.CSR does not ensure the ethical behavior of the company (Mostovicz, Kakabadse & Kakabadse, 2009). Instead, the common major benefits recognized by corporate management are what distinguish between an ethical or non-ethical company as organizations are forced to be at a decision point of balancing the incurring costs of CSR activities and the impact of their ethical operations for the society. From the statement underlined, we have focused our findings on the purpose of these organizations conducting CSR and their opinions on the basis of CSR organism implanted in all organizations nationwide.METHODOLOGY We chose to conduct an interview in order to collect data for our study. We posed 3 op en ended interrogatives with 12 companies around Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley area because our study is to explore the view of Malaysian managers towards corporate social responsibility and the influence of business ethics. We designed our interview questions based on the literature review in order to suit the Malaysian context. The questions we used for our own(prenominal) interviews were Question 1 Does your organization practice corporate social responsibility? Question 2What motivates your organization to execute corporate social responsibility? Question 3 Do you agree that Corporate Social Responsibility should be implemented in all organizations in the country? State your reasons why? According to the 15 articles we used, we identified that the prior studies used unlike methods in examining significant issues on CSR. Majority of the previous studies adopted viewing method and used literature in conducting their studies. supra and beyond, in that location are a few a uthors used other distinguished methods. First of all four authors used survey as their method of studies.Galbreath (2009) examined three potentiality benefits of demonstrating CSR reduced employee turnover, increased customer satisfaction, and improved reputation through a survey of chief executive officers in Australia. Likewise, Lee & Shin (2009) used questionnaire survey involving Korean customers to examine the positive of CSR on customer behaviour. Further, Ditlev-Simonsen & Midttun (2010) conducted a survey with three panels a corporate leaders panel, a business students panel and an nongovernmental organization panel to clarify and compare what motivates managers to come corporate responsibility from positive and normative perspectives.Lastly, Siwar & Md Tareq (2009) conducted a study on relationship between concepts of Islam with the Malaysian managers opinion regarding CSR. They used open and close-ended questionnaire to 50 listed organizations in Malaysia including mul tinational, government, and nongovernment and SME companies. Secondly, using literature is one of the methods that have been used by in following studies. Abul & Hjh Salma (2009) conducted a study on the current practices of CSR of the business organization as well as Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs).Next, Mostovicz, Kakabadse & Kakabadse (2009) explained the reason why CSR policy has failed to render organization more ethical and to purpose the concept of using CSR for improving the ethics of organization. Besides that, Devinney (2009) argued that the notion of socially responsible corporation is potentially an oxymoron because of the naturally conflicted nature of the corporation. Further, Burke & Logsdon (1996) examined social responsibility programs which create strategic benefits for firms. Lastly, Adam & Zutshi (2004) identified drivers which are forcing organization to adopt CSR and produces corporate social reports.Finally, the other remaining authors exercised distingu ished methods between each other. Drews (2010) used two step approaches to measure and evaluate the benefits of CSR. First, a measurement model is developed based on theoretical analytic thinking. It is and then use in an in-depth case study. Next, Samy, Odemilin & Bampton (2010) adopted a quantitative analysis and exploratory approach to prove that CSR will maximize profit part satisfying the demand from multiple stakeholders. They study on CSR practices of 20 selected United Kingdoms companies.Besides, Knox & Maklan (2004) used empirical study of CSR policy and practices across a number of multinational companies to examine the reasons why CSR reporting has a low impact on business decision making. Moreover, Holme (2010) used a representative selection of recently produce articles to study deeply on practitioner review on the concept of CSR. In addition, Weber (2008) adopted a study which focuses on the question on how to measure the business impact of CSR activities from comp any perspectives using theoretical approach and literature as references.Friedman (1970) argued on the only social responsibility of business is to increase its profits using his own views or reasoning. FINDINGS We have successfully conducted the interviews through three medium of communications Personal interview, telephone call and email. This interview was conducted in the period between 3rd June 2011 and 10th June 2011. We have interviewed 12 managers around Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley. Based on the questions posed, we succeeded in 5 companies providing substantial answers personally, 3 companies responded based on phone calls, and 4 companies offered feed clog through email.The table below provides the profiles of the 12 managers that we have interviewed that comprises of major corporations and SMEs. Table 1 Summary of the profiles of the 12 managers interviewed. director 1 (M. 1) miles per hour Bookstore passenger vehicle 2 (M. 2) Signature Kitchen autobus 3 (M. 3) Toy R Us handler 4 (M. 4) Kimberly-Clark Malaysia (Kotex) theatre director 5 (M. 5) MediBiz Manager 6 (M. 6) Petronas Gas Berhad Manager 7 (M. 7) Skrine Manager 8 (M. 8) SME Bank Manager 9 (M. 9) Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad Manager 10 (M. 0) Petronas Gas Berhad (KLCC) Manager 11 (M. 11) TM Berhad Manager 12 (M. 12) Rush Hati SdnBhd For the first part of the interview, we examined which of the following managers practiced CSR in their respectable organizations. Based on their response, M. 1, M. 4, M. 6, M. 7, M. 8, M. 9, M10, and M. 11 proceeded with a positive feedback while M. 2, M. 3, M. 5, and M. 12 answered otherwise. Question 1 Does your organization practice corporate social responsibility? Table 2 The summary the single answers from the 12 managers on question 1.Manager 1 Yes Manager 7 Yes Manager 2 No Manager 8 Yes Manager 3 No Manager 9 Yes Manager 4 Yes Manager 10 Yes Manager 5 No Manager 11 Yes Manager 6 Yes Manager 12 No The pattern of this question is that most of the Mala ysian companies practice CSR in their organizations. The second question was posed for among the 12 managers who performed CSR in their organizations. The question asked was to investigate the motive of their companies in executing CSR, providing with them several choices of answers for this question.M. 1 claimed that the motive of his/her company conducting CSR is solely for the benefit of the society while M. 4 stated a different answer in which the company adopts CSR in order to create a long term value for stakeholders and to build a positive reputation and brand image. M. 5 also gave the same answer on building a positive reputation and branding image. In addition to that, M. 5 also stated other two motives of his/her company executing CSR which is to do the right thing and to contribute to long term sustainable development. Next, M. sincerely admitted that his/her company conducts CSR solely for profit maximization. Subsequently, M. 7 give tongue to that the reason of his/he r company implementing CSR is to build a positive reputation and brand image while M. 8 claimed that his/her companys motive is to create long term value for stakeholder. Then, M. 9 chose two answers from the choices which includes building a positive reputation and brand image and to do the right thing. Next, M. 10 claimed that his/her company has five motives in carrying out CSR which are profit maximization, creating long term value for stakeholders, building a ositive reputation and brand image, doing the right thing, and lend to long term sustainable development. M. 11 then chose five motives of his/her company conducting CSR which are profit maximization, creating long term value for stakeholder, building a positive reputation and brand image, doing the right thing and contributing to long term sustainable development. Lastly, M. 12 said that all the choices given by us are relevant motives of conducting CSR. Question 2 What motivates your organization to execute corporate soc ial responsibility?Table 3 The summary the respective answers from the 12 managers on question 2. Manager 1 Solely for the benefit of the society Manager 2 - Manager 3 - Manager 4 To create long term value for stakeholder To build positive reputation and brand image Manager 5 To build positive reputation and brand image To do the right thingTo contribute to long term sustainable development Manager 6 salary maximization Manager 7 To build positive reputation and brand image Manager 8 To create long term value for stakeholderManager 9 To build positive reputation and brand image to do the right things Manager 10 To create long term value for stakeholderTo build positive reputation and brand imageTo do the right thingTo contribute to long term sustainable development Manager 11 Profit maximizationto create long term value for stakeholderTo build positive reputation and brand imageTo do the right thingsTo contribute to long term sustainable development Manager 12 All Business organi zations worldwide would have their own business strategies and their strategies must not nonplus strayed or derailed from their business principles or motives that is financial leverage or pecuniary advantage so all the facts which are given as options are significant for business strategies. To conclude, building a positive reputation and brand image is the main motive that motivates the companies to implement CSR while at that place are no companies that conducted CSR to resemble others. Our last question was to examine the managers personal views whether CSR should be implemented by all organizations in Malaysia and if yes, why it should be implemented. All the managers agreed that CSR should be implemented by all organizations in Malaysia. Above and beyond, some of the managers gave common views on the reason why CSR should be carried out. M. 1, M. 4, M. 5, M. 6, M. 8, and M. 10 have the same opinion that CSR should be executed for the sake of giving back to the society. Next, M. 2, M. 3, and M. 1 proposed that organizations should conduct CSR in order to gain good reputation and brand image. In addition, M. 7 suggested that CSR is a means for major corporations to work in concert towards a better future for society. Plus, M. 9 gave opinion that CSR should not only be practiced by the organizations that work in line with the Islamic principles but also conventional organizations. Moreover, M. 10 claimed that the concept of CSR is quite similar with the concept of zakat. Next, M. 11 also gave four other relevant reasons to be a GLCs CSR, to create long term value for the stakeholders, indirectly boost revenue and to be a par ahead of other corporations. Finally, M. 2 recommended that the act of CSR should be treated as a voluntary action and government plays a significant role in ensuring the prosperity of the public. Question 3 Do you agree that Corporate Social Responsibility should be implemented in all organizations in the country? State your reasons why? Table 4 The summary the respective answers from the 12 managers on question 3. Manager 1 Yes, definitely. Its any organizations responsibility to give back to the less fortunate. Manager 2 Yes, for the good reputation Manager 3 Yes, for the trust and the good reputation for the company. Customer will have the positive view towards the company. Manager 4 Yes, because it is every organizations duty to give back to the society.It is much more than just taking part in a long term relationship with end users but to actually contribute back to its loyal customers. Manager 5 Yes, because organizations should give back to the society especially for those profit making ones. It also builds a sense of belonging and responsibility towards the people and the environment where the organization is established. Manager 6 Yes. All organizations should give back to the society especially in the area that they operate. They will then get the support and acceptance of the confederation arou nd them. Manager 7 Yes, because all major corporations must work unitedly towards a better future for the society. Manager 8 Yes, because its good to give back to the society. Manager 9 Yes.CSR does not only limit itself to organizations that work in line with the teachings of Islam, but to all corporations which include the conventional ones. Manager 10 In general, yes. Where possible, organization should implement CSR. For all the positive values that it created, is it to the company, employee, and community or to the receiver. CSR is about giving back to the community and contribute to the development of others. Most of organization existences depend on the surrounding community and resources e. g. oil and bodge company base on the local resources, consumers or stakeholders. A better surroundings/resources, either physically or emotionally will contribute in strengthening ones position.In line with the Energy Received, Energy Return value. Spiritually, CSR practices are qu ite similar to the zakat concept. The more you received, the more you should return. More profit you make, bigger CSR it should be. Manager 11 Fully Agreed. Reasons as follow a) To build positive reputation and brand image b) Being GLCs CSR is part of our culture c) To create long term value for stakeholder d) Indirectly to boost revenue and gain customer support e) To be at par or ahead of other corporate entity Manager 12 All Yes.Corporate social responsibility must be classified as voluntary any attempt to make it imperious is inappropriate. The government is to be held the sole responsible for the prosperity of the public citizen of this country. In short, all the managers agreed that CSR should be implemented into their organization and also into the other organizations worldwide. DISCUSSION Multiple organizations from various kinds of background industries differ from its perspective on the implementation of CSR as its ethical duty towards the community. From the data colle cted, we have studied rigorously the outcome of interviewing 12 managers and were able to identify companies practicing CSR as opposed to non-practicing ones.Based on empirical performance, eight managers stated that its organization successfully conducts CSR (Manager 1, Manager 4, Manager 6, Manager 7, Manager 8, Manager 9, Manager 10, and Manager 11) while the remaining four (Manager 2, Manager 3, Manager 5, and Manager 12) have not had the opportunity to perform beneficial impacts toward the society. Although the results were in favour of CSR practicing organizations, it should be highlighted that these corporations are consisted of major branded companies where as the latter comprised of Small Medium Enterprise (SMEs) corporations. Based on our research, we have discovered that non practicing CSR companies (SMEs) justifies the study conducted by Siwar & Md Tareq (2009).They uphold the theory of SMEs to be underdeveloped and still in the working progress to grasp the meaning of C SR and of its importance to the society today. Most of the SMEs among Malaysian organizations have no solid plan and structure of performing CSR as companies managers are still lacking in consciousness regarding the concept of CSR. On top of that, SMEs are in doubt of how big of an impact can its organization bring to the society as they are not possible to claim themselves as corporate (Holme, 2010). The third and final question posed to all respective managers resulted in a unanimous response that CSR should indeed be restored and carried out in all organizations throughout the country.Among the reasons stated by all following managers, we can part the answers based on two ethical contrary views stressing on the importance of giving back to the community for common basic social needs versus CSR motivated organizations with uplifting its brand image and reputation. Results illustrate that Manager 1, Manager 4, Manager 5, Manager 6, Manager 8, and Manager 10 agree that CSR ought t o be conducted for the benefit of the society where as Manager 2, Manager 3 and Manager 11 gave answers subjected to the positive aspects of gaining customers trust and loyalty when an organization withstands by a good reputation. According to the latter opinion, these managers believe that customers brand loyalty by enlarge relies on the ethical activities performed commercially by reputable named major companies.However, the concept of contributing back to the social, economic and environment by ethical responsible corporate management contrasts the view of Friedman (1970), who claims that the only social responsibility held by a certain organization is limited to using the resources efficiently and effectively for profit maximization. Many viewpoints exist in this study, including the conceptualization of the responsibilities of firms by Carroll (1979). Among the four social responsibilities brought forward by Carroll (1979), this conceptualization includes the economic responsib ility of an organization to generate profits, provide jobs, and create products that consumers want (Galbreath, 2010).Indirectly, this substantiates Friedmans (1970) theory that an organizations interest of profit maximization does not necessarily disregard their responsibility as a firm in economic terms. In comparison to corporations which utilizes CSR as a means for gaining economic returns, organizations who are opinionated to provide beneficial impact to the society are at an ethical based level because its CSR activities are solely based on doing the right thing and enhancing the welfare of a society. Relating back to Carrolls (1979) conceptualization of the responsibilities of firms, placing importance towards the social needs of the community is the ethical responsibility to meet other social expectations, such as respecting peoples moral rights and doing what is right and just (Galbreath, 2010).Through our findings, we were able to recognize the evident relationship betwee n the main priorities of the organizations purpose in the performance of CSR and the sole personal views from the managers themselves regarding the influence of CSR in todays corporate management. We extracted that Manager 4, Manager 5, and Manager 10 shared views that did not entirely coincide with its own corporations perspective pertaining to the importance of CSR. They firmly deem CSR to be a social obligation for all organizations in order to contribute back to the society in spite of its own corporate motive which states gaining a positive image and reputation as its main concern.With much relevance to our research, there are ways for us to extend our studies based on an Islamic perspective. In Islam, our actions are judged by our sincere motives (niyyah). It is narrated on the imprimatur of Amirul Muminin, Abu Hafs Umar bin al-Khattab, radiyallahu anhu, who said I heard the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, say Actions are (judged) by motives (niyyah), so each man will have what he intended.. Al-Bukhari & Muslim Based on the hadith, it is compulsory to conduct our daily activities in this world for the sake of Allah S. W. T. which includes our responsibility as a vicegerent in economic terms. CSR is a manifestation of Tawhidic paradigm, serving Allah through our Fardh Kifayah obligations.The shahadah shows us the conditions for accepting a deed or performing an action one, it should be for the sake of Allah because He is the only One we worship, and two, it should be in accordance with the Shariah. Employees with authority in decision making must be honest and sincere as well as ethical in their motives especially when it concerns the well being of others. According to Imam al-Harawi, there are seven types of self-desires, one of which includes seeking the wealth of others. To abstain ourselves from this selfish nafs, it is in our power to do righteous whole caboodle as the more good deeds we do and hence get closer to Allah, the more s incere we will be. The implementation of CSR in business organizations gives us the chance to ensure that our responsibility as a khalifah in this world is performed in an ethical manner. LimitationWe recognized three demarcation lines throughout the process of conducting this bedevil paper. The first limitation is the number of managers to be interviewed. We intended to interview 15 managers but unfortunately we just managed to interview 12 managers. This is due to the second limitation which is time constraint. The process of searching the contacts of the managers to be interviewed and the procedures of making appointments with major companies managers required a lot of time. In addition, we took quite a lot of time to get the response from the managers which we interviewed through email. Lastly, we were limited by the poor response from the managers especially from the major companies. Some of them claimed they could not espond to our interview questions because the information is confidential to their company and most of the managers we interviewed through email failed to reply our email. Implications for Practice We propose that the practice of CSR by Malaysian companies should be in line with the CSR policy in which it is supposed to only focus on encouraging the positive impact towards the stakeholders and not for benefits to the company itself. Apart from that, Malaysia as a Muslim country, we recommend the Malaysian companies to revise the Tawhidic picture concept which claims man as a vicegerent. Hence, the companies should treat act of CSR as part of their responsibility as vicegerent.Moreover, there is supposed to be government preventive in order to encourage the practice of CSR by SMEs. Implication for Theory Our study examines the practice of CSR in Malaysian companies. We come into the theory that most of the Malaysian companies execute CSR because of their concern to contribute back to society and for the sake of their reputation and brand ing. Plus, this study adds on a new idea on the theory of CSR from the Islamic perspective. In short, CSR is already part of the basic Islamic concept vicegerency. The foundations of the CSRs notion from conventional theories came from the values and principles that have been central to Islam since the times of the Holy prophet Muhammad S. W. T. Future ResearchWe advocate those who desire to do the similar studies to adopt the couple of methods below to conduct this study. * Interview on the managers from each company. * Survey on customers regarding their perspectives on CSR CONCLUSION Our study concerned on business ethics and corporate social responsibility. After pursuing through this study, we discovered mixed views on CSR concept. To conclude, there are generally two basic motives of CSR ethical motivation and instrumental motivation. Ethical motivation is to achieve the right thing to do. If the company treats CSR as a voluntary act rather than just a compliance based act and they conduct it for the sake of creating good society, it is considered as ethical motivation.In contrast, companies which consider CSR as an instrumental motivation tend to just to achieve an economic goal. They treat CSR as a means for profit maximization. According to our findings, most of the Malaysian companies take CSR as an instrumental motivation as their core motive in executing CSR to gain good reputation and branding image. Nevertheless, from the views of the managers of the companies, CSR should be done to give back to society. We desire this project paper to end as an article for IIUM journal. REFERENCES Adam, C. , & Zutshi, A. (2004). Corporates Social ResponsibilityWhy business should act responsible and be accountable.Australia story Review, 14(3), 31-39. Burke, L. , & Logsdon, J. M. (1996). How corporate social responsibility pays off. Long Range Planning, 29(4), 495-502. Devinney, T. M. (2009). Is socially responsible corporation a myth? The good, the bad, and th e ungly of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Perspectives, 44-56. Ditlev-Simonsen, C. D. , & Midttun, A. (2010). What motivates managers to pursue corporate responsibility? A survey among key stakeholders. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25-38. Drews, M. (2010). Measuring the business and societal benefits of corporate responsibility.Corporate Governance, 10(4), 421-431. Friedman, M. (1970). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. The New York Times Magazine, 173-178. Galbreath, J. (2009). How does corporate social responsibility benefit firms? Evidence from Australia. European Business Review, 22(4), 411-431. Abul, H. , & Hjh Salma, A. L. (2009). Corporate social responsibility of Islamic financial institutions and businesses optimizing charity value. Humanomics, 25(3), 177-188. Holme, C. (2010). Corporate social responsibility A strategic issue or a wasteful distraction? Industrial and Commercial Training , 42(4), 179-185. Knox, S. , & Maklan, S. October, 2004). Corporate social responsibility Moving beyond investment towards measuring outcomes. European Management Journal, 22(5), 508-516. Lee, K. -H. , & Shin, D. (2010). Consumers responses to CSR activities The linkage between increased awareness and purchase intention. Public traffic Review 36, 193-195. Mostovicz, I. , Kakabadse, N. , & Kakabadse, A. (2009). CSR the role of leadership in driving ethical outcomes. Corporate Governance, 9(4), 448-460. Samy, M. , Odemilin, G. , & Bampton, R. (2010). Corporate social responsibility A strategy for sustainable business success. An analysis of 20 selected British companies.Corporate Governance, 10(2), 203-217. Siwar, C. , & Md Tareq, H. (2009). An analysis of Islamic CSR concept and the opinions of Malaysian managers. Management of Environmental Quality An International Journal, 20(3), 290-298. Smith, K. H. , & Nystad, O. (2006). Is the motivation for CSR profit or ethics? Retrieved 11 June, 2011, from www. crrconference. org/downloads/2006hauglandsmithandnystad. pdf. The Hadiths. (n. d. ). Retrieved 11 June, 2011, from http//fortyhadith. iiu. edu. my/hadiths. htm. Weber, M. (2008). The business case for corporate social responsibility A company-level measurement approach for CSR. European Management Journal, 247-261.

Why Sports

Why Sports Why wouldnt you play a divert? Everyone has something that they uniform that they atomic number 18 good at. Whether you are good at skating on ice, throwing balls, impinging balls, running, etc. , there are many different sports to learn about and play including baseball, basketball, hockey, and football. Just by observing these sports you might see youre into one that you like. I say everyone should play a sport. First of all baseball is a terrific aggroup up sport. It is a simple sport in that there is a diamond of bases and an outfield.Your goal on offense is that you want to hit the ball so that you are safe on one of the bases (the bases go clockwise). If the ball cooks to the soul on the base before you get there because you are out. On defense you are put in a certain mail service and if the ball comes to you on the ground you must throw it to which ever base that the runner is running to. If the ball is hit in the air and its caught then you are automatic ally out. thither are nine innings in baseball. An inning is the period which each team hits once. Choose this sport if you like a nice, aggressive team halting.Basketball is another simple sport that consists of two baskets and one ball. The first basketball hoop was made of peach buckets. The goal is to shoot the ball into the basket that your team is going at. Each basket is worth 2 points but if you shoot it from beyond the three point line then you get three points. There are certain rules like you cant hold on to the ball and run or its traveling. And there are physical fouls like slapping and tripping stuff like that. If you get fouled then you get foul shots which count as one point. Choose this sport if you want to develop coordination.Football is a physical sport with hard hitting and a lot of running. Football was so popular that Galileo played it. The goal of this game is to get the football to the touchdown zone. If you accomplish this there then you get six points and then you can try for the extra point. For the extra point you have to kick the football through the field goal. In this game there are downs. If you obtain a 4th down then you will lose the football but if you make it past you have to get past the line then you keep the ball with a first down. Choose this sport if you like a fast, hard hitting game.Now if none of irrigate sports interest you then you might like calmer sports like golf, bowling, swimming or cheerleaders. Or there are extreme sports like sky diving, mountain climbing, falling off diving, air kicking volcano surfing, etc. Will not go into deep detail with these sports but if you are interested then check them desire you will hopefully try one of these sports for yourself. Sports out. Are fun and good exercise for your body. And even if you dont do sports then try to go out an min a day.

Its all about life Essay

Life is beautiful but non always easy, it has problems, too, and the challenge lies in facing them with courage, letting the beauty of sustenance act like a balm, which makes the pain bearable, during trying times, by providing hopeHappiness, sorrow, victory, defeat, day-night are the two sides of the me coin. Similarly life is full of moments of joy, pleasure, success and ottoman punctuated by misery, defeat, failures and problems. There is no human being on Earth, knock start, powerful, wise or rich, who has non work throughd, struggle, suffering or failure.No doubt, life is beautiful and all(prenominal) moment a celebration of being alive, but one should be always ready to face adversity and challenges. A person who has not encountered difficulties in life can never achieve success.Difficulties test the courage, patience, perseverance and true character of a human being. Adversity and hardships make a person strong and ready to face the challenges of life with equanimity. There is no doubt that there can be no gain without pain. It is only when one toils and sweats it out that success is nourished and sustained.Thus, life is and should not be just a bed of roses thorns are excessively a part of it and should be accepted by us just as we accept the beautiful side of life.The thorns remind one of how success and happiness can be evasive and thus not to feel disappointed and disheartened rather remember that the pain of thorns is short-lived, and the beauty of life would soon overcome the prick of thorns.Those, who are under the impression that life is a bed of roses are disillusioned soon and become victims of depression and frustration. One who faces difficulties with courage and accepts success without letting it go to its head is the one who experience real happiness, contentment and peace inlife.Those, who think, that good times last forever, easily succumb to pressure during difficulties. They do not put in needed hard work and efforts because they break down easily.You can take the example of a student, who burns the mid night oil, makes sacrifices and resists temptations so that he can make well. Similarly, a successful executive has to face the ups and downs of life, not forgetting that life is a mix of success and failure, joy and sorrow.If he loses hope during difficult times, he would not achieve success and would be replaced by others. Even the strongest Kings and Emperors throw away had their cup of woes.Life has not been a bed of roses for them. The adage Uneasy lays the head that wears the wind has been rightly used for people, who are successful and are enjoying power and authority.To sum up, life is beautiful just as roses but it has challenges which are like thorns and have to be faced and overcome by all. Those, who accept these, challenges and succeed, are the ones, who know how to live life in its true sense. Thus, enjoy life but also be prepared to bear the pricks of pain.

Leadership Development Plan Essay

Section 1 What is Leadership and What Kind of Leader are You?Leadership substance influencing others towards a common goal. This was how I viewed leading ten weeks prior, before I started this online class. The definition it egotism stems from experiences brought ab show up by memberships of the Junior Jaycees, university student councils and aesculapian organizations. Extracting the definition comes easily. It may be correct nevertheless not necessarily complete. It is implementing it thats tricky. Previously, I viewed leadership as it is in a box. A common goal is handed out to you. Then youll sacrifice to pick out which roads to travel to reach that goal. There was no formal training.At the conclusion of this course, the leadership definition above still holds true. however it is not as it is in a box anymore. Its like trying your hand at golf. You may score a hole-in-one without perfecting your drag. But crafting your swing based on appropriate training and stance would d ecidedly increase your chances of achieving that hole-in-one. The journey towards that coveted hole-in-one would be more meaningful as it would be objectively guided.According to Dan Clark1, Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more glutinous and coherent. Based on this definition and the concepts well-read during the course, I would view myself as using more of the transformational leadership style with a tinge of transactional, and retributive currently implementing the empowering style. Transformational leadership entails inspiration and the conversion of a followers motivational state.3 I give way always evoked inspiration as a leader, ever since I started taking responsibilities in sm all in all(prenominal) organizations in high school. This was how I managed to extract a good outcome out of the members.The transactional aspect honourable came into existence on an acciden tal find. Having been raised frugal, I used to just purchase myself a warm creamy Starbucks coffee on a genuinely bad day as a pick-me-up. When I felt good after a sweet sip at the start of the day, I observe my productivity increased. So, I bought some for my staff. It was the best day ever at work. Everyone shared a smile despite the high workload and stress. This also strengthen my bond with the staff. They viewed the free morning gourmet coffee as a personal reward. So once in a while, I give out incentives to staff to boost up their creativity and efficiency.That small gesture of a gourmet coffee led to gift cards, birthday party celebrations, etc. On the other hand, the empowering style of my leadership has just been developed during this course. It is indeed a new concept and is a work in progress. It does make sense. Not only if would I be able to delegate tasks to the members, but this would also foster ownership and further training for them. Empowering the staff woul d increase their self-esteem, skills and productivity.There is a kettle of fish of overlap between the leadership styles and collaborative leadership. According to The Community Toolbox by the University of Kansas2, the traits of collaborative leadership can be summarized as follows Collaborative problem-solving and decision-making. Its not the leaders job to decide what to do and then tell the group. Rather, the group considers the problem, decides what to do, and counts on the leader to suspensor them focus their effort. string out process. The leader, or some other interested party, doesnt just start with his goals in mind and steer the group in that direction. Collaborative leadership means that the process of decision-making is truly collaborative, and has no set end-point when it embark ons. The end result is worked out among all the participants thats collaboration. Leadership of the process, rather than the group. The purpose of collaborative leadership is to help the c ollaborative process work, rather than to lead the people involved toward something to a particular decision, for instance, or in a particular direction.For me, collaboration is taking all of the leadership styles mentioned above and gently infusing them into your members style, so that they would be leaders in their own small fields as well. This would definitely not unfold itself overnight but would definitely entail tons of patience and training, as well as rewards.With these concepts, equipped with the course discussions and readings, which were applied to experiences in the past, present and the future, led me to the discovery of my own authentic leadership. We all flummox the capacity to inspire and empower others, but we must first be willing to devote ourselves to our personal ripening and development as leaders4 to attain success. How we lead others is indeed a product of our life stories and hardships. It is for this reason that finding out your own authentic leadershi p should begin with awareness of self and the environment.In lieu to this, the leadership development externalize would serve as the first step towards discovering my authentic leadership. The objectives of this leadership and development plan are as follows a) Based on the assessment questionnaires done, on top of the concepts learned in class, I would be able to increase my awareness of self and environment, acknowledging my strengths and weaknesses. b) By summarizing the concepts significant to my situation, I would be able to discover my current leadership style and modify or develop it as best as possible according to what I have learned. c) I would be able to create a specific action plan towards the development of my authentic leadership style. d) I would be able to apply the modified leadership style on a real-life situation. By preparing this leadership and development plan, I hope to pass on the objectives as listed above. This would serve as my unbiased guide as I embar k on my most significant real-life leadership journey, which actually started a a couple of(prenominal) weeks ago.Section 2 Lessons LearnedThis course has defined some previously unknown leadership traits and taught me lessons that would be valuable tools for the development of my authentic leadership style. I have summarized them as follows a) Awareness of self and environmentAwareness of self and the environment have been recurrent themes during the whole course. I should agree that I have unfolded some layers of myself as the weeks went by. I have repositioned myself in my locomote environment differently. Working as a primary care physician and opening up a new private practice during the current economic environment requires a lot of courage. The Obamacare health plans have recently reduced reimbursements to physicians. Although some unconditional changes are already in effect, health insurances still remain a huge business industry in which patients and physicians fall vict ims of. Having a Protean line of achievement Orientation, and world aware of it through the assessment questionnaires, provided a cushion against these changes.Nothing provides more reassurance than knowing that regardless of how difficult the business climate might be, my boundaryless career orientation would somehow survive and prosper. Of course, the latter depends on the subjective definition of success. Having filled out the Meaning of Career and Life Success questionnaires helped confirm what matters to me as I find my way through this journey. Helping other people, achieving a work/life counterpoise and personal growth have been consistent in what I want in life and career.This is important because the health care system for physicians has been very rigid. With a young career, as mine, most of my colleagues resort to being employed and managed by hospitals or larger private groups. It is not financially conducive to open up a private practice at the onset. So, I am technic ally swimming against an opposite current, and the lessons from the readings have pushed me into moving forward despite of. I do not deny, of course, that there would be tough moments when I sometimes get tempted to choose the easy path and revisit the generous employment offers I had. When this does occur, the Protean trait comes in ingenious and muffles out all doubts and anxiety.b) Leadership style/vision In a few weeks, I will be managing a business on my own. This definitely requires a gang of organizational skills. As much as I have already implemented most of the lessons learned in this course, I would still be requiring the financial aid of and probably revisit these reviews most often. The transition from being an employee to embracing an employer status would surely extract all the leadership qualities that I could muster. First off, I go steady myself as a collaborative leader, making more use of the transformational as well as empowering leadership styles with a ting e of transactional method as well.The balance of these techniques depends on every situation I would encounter. Empowering others and myself has been one of my strengths, mainly because helping out and teaching have always been my calling. This would definitely come in handy when I exercise these different leadership styles. Furthermore, I also want to be a leader who would embrace technology and use all resources open in my grasp for the betterment of the organization. Currently, social media has done away with geographical barriers. When used appropriately, it would also bridge the cultural gap and communication barriers within the company.I wonder what the outcome would be if I implement a supervised facebook/twitter equivalent among the staff and management, tapping into hidden resources and skills within the group. In my line of business, I want recommendations from patients and staff heard. But because the latter sometimes become hesitant to give out ideas, it is difficult to pry their walls open unless they feel comfortable to march themselves. That would be interesting to see. I bet there are still tons of instances when you can make technology work for you.I would want to be that kind of leader who listens to those needs/changes and responds appropriately, with or without technology. On the other hand, aside from leading with both the head and the heart, I also want to lead by example. I have been raised with a solid Catholic foundation and ethics. I want to employ this kind of culture in my organization and have it to trickle down to the staff as well. I have seen a lot of employer physicians take advantage of employed doctors due to monetary benefits. There is zip wrong about prioritizing the balance sheets and net profits, as long as you have not crossed the ethical boundary lines. Business should be dear with a conscience.c) Leadership behavior changes When work demands increase, I find myself accidentally encroaching on family life. This is w hy the readings on work/life balance wedged me the most. The assessment questionnaires on this topic realigned my priorities. My husband and I, both physicians, strive so hard to give our two young children the quality time they deserve. From the onset, I have done away with inpatient practice and just focused on working in an outpatient setting with no weekend calls. Although most of the time, office hours go beyond the usual 8am-6pm schedule, as we tend to finish patient charts on time and actually sometimes bring work home.From the lessons learned, I have learned to balance work/life more in terms of quality and quantity of time. Instead of restricting my kids schedule and designing it to accommodate mine more, I have given up some activities that would take away parent time. For instance, instead of attending a dinner lecture presentation for continuing medical education, I would just spend this time with my family and read up on the topic whenever I can during work time. Anothe r topic that brought great touch to me was on managing the boss. As a leader, you have to stay in tune to the needs of your superiors as well as your subordinates. The lessons learned from these readings were an eye-opener. I have undergo instances when I went beyond the employed physician job description. The intentions were noble as I saw opportunities for improvements. However, my superiors took these the wrong way. Awkward relationships would have been avoided then. Now I definitely know better.

Technology in Special Education Classrooms

Odabasi, H. F. , Kuzu, A. , Girgin, C. , Cuhadar, C. , Kiyici, M. , & Tanyeri, T. (2009). Reflections of Hearing Impaired Students on Daily and Instructional organizer Use. International Journal of Special Education , 24 (1), 11. I would like to begin by saying, Whatever it takes to teach my students, I am willing to do Whether I need to make print outs of everything covered in class, to e-mailing them, to wearing a microphone, etc. The need for technology in the classroom is rapidly growing with the changing times.I will be teaching high school mathematics and even still I will incorporate technology into my classroom in any way possible, whether it is with computers or calculators. According to this article there is a list of benefits of implementing these technologies for special students as deliver the goodss. He maintains that using these technologies Maximizes independence in academic and employment tasks, Increases participation in classroom discussions, Helps students gai n access to peers, mentors and role models, Helps them self-advocate, Provides them with access to the full range of educational options, Helps them participate in varied experiences not otherwise possible, Provides them with the opportunity to succeed in work-based learning experiences, Secures high levels of independent living, Prepares them for transitions to college and careers, Gives them the opportunity to work side-by-side with peers, Helps them enter high-tech career fields, Encourages them to participate in community and recreational activities (Odabasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009).According to Odabasi, et. al, Aksan defines communication as the transmission of information, ideas, emotions and intentions from one place to another or from on person to another through primitive person or mature indicators (Odabasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009). A common language is necessary in order for one person to communicate with another. Odabasi, et. al states that hearing impaired children follow the same processes followed by their hearing peers during learning.However, because of their impairment, their language acquisition, reading comprehension, and written production are later realized in comparison to their intact peers (Odabasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009). The swift increase in the demand for portable information-technology devices is quickly growing out of control (Odabasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009). But, the demand has been the driving force for the influx of cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and GPRS lendable on the market today.I say if the making of these devices is going to help students with disabilities, then so be it and bring them on. According to Odabasi, et. al, Mobile learning provides a motivational stimulus, offers ease of storage and portability, contributes to improved written work, increases knowledge of computers, offers a range of use ful functions, and is readily available at all times (Odabasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009). indoors the need for Mobile learning also comes Mobile technologies that can be used whenever there is a need for learning, support individual learning, provide collaborationism and communication everywhere, accommodate to individuals particular knowledge and skill level, sustain uninterrupted access to information resources, and accommodate to daily communication needs (Odabasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009).Students will be able to contact teachers and access their work outside the classroom with Mobile Technology (Odabasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009). Odabasi, et. al says PDAs have two basic purposes in mobile learning to provide sustained personal access to ICT, through which teachers might develop familiarity with relevant concepts and practices and to provide access to the projects and professional development significants (Od abasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009).In conclusion, I will definitely be using technology in my classroom. However, I will have a limited selection and availability of programs, as I will be teaching high school mathematics. I do believe that it would benefit more students to have more access to material pertaining to their classes, no matter which classes they may be.

Role of Youth in Environment Protection

CHAPTER 20 WOMEN AND nurture I. II. III. IV. Introduction Progress, 1996-2000 Prospects, 2001-2005 Conclusion LIST OF TABLES Table 20-1 Table 20-2 Table 20-3 Table 20-4 Employ ment Distribution By Gender Within Sectors, 1995 And 2000 Employment Distribution By Sector And Gender,1995 And 2000 Employment Distribution By line of des pennyime And Gender, 1995 And 2000 R&D Personnel By Gender And Qualification, 1998 Chapter Chapter 20 Women and increment Malayansia broadcast Ma laysia intention Malay sia devise Malaysia course of cogitation Malaysia Pl an Malaysia plan Malaysia programme Ma laysia aim Malay sia Plan Malaysia Plan Malaysia Pl 8 an Malaysia PlanMalaysia Plan Ma laysia Plan Malay 556 20 I. WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION 20. 01 Women constitute an weighty pool of resource that can be mobilized to achieve the subject area development come alongnda. Through the continuous efforts of the governance in providing an enabling environs during the Seventh Plan period, women continue to participate in and contribute towards the societal and economic development of the country. 20. 02 During the Eighth Plan period, efforts leave behind continue to be beneath tell apartn to conjure the role, position and attitude of women to ensure their interest as enough partners in national development.Women go forth be put upd with the skills and noesis to discern with the challenges of globalization and fulfil the needs of the knowledge-based economy. II. PROGRESS, 1996-2000 20. 03 During the Seventh Plan period, women continued to make significant contributions in various fields of national development by greater participation in the economy. This was made possible by the notwithstanding operationalization of the subject area Policy for Women and its Plan of effect for the Advancement of Women, which include the murder of sexual activity-sensitive and sentience genteelness programmes.In increase, the removal of legal and instituti onal constraints that inhibited the participation of women in the development process further facilitated the enfolding of women. Population, Labour Force and Employment 20. 04 Based on the 2000 Population Census, about 48. 9 per centime or 11. 4 million of the rack up population were women. The age-structure of the womanly person Chapter 20 557 Malaysia Plan Ma laysia Plan Malay 8 sia Plan Malaysia Plan Malaysia Pl an Malaysia Plan Malaysia Plan Ma population was similar to that of the male, with 52. 4 per cent of the effeminate population in the age-group 24 years and below.The Census also revealed that collectable to the ameliorate female life history expectancy, the proportion of the female population in the 65 to 74 years age-group increased from 3. 0 per cent in 1991 to 4. 3 per cent in 2000. 20. 05 Although 48 per cent of women were in the running(a) age population of 15-64 years, they only accounted for a third of the outwear ferocity. effeminate labour force pa rticipation registered an increase, from 43. 5 per cent in 1995 to 45. 8 per cent in 1997, but bloodd to 44 per cent in 1998 due to the economic downturn. With the economic recovery, this rate subsequently increased to 44. per cent in 2000. 20. 06 womanly employment in the mining and quarrying sector experienced the largest decline of 4. 9 per cent, between 1995 and 2000, followed by the agriculture, forestry, livestock and fish sector, which preserve a decline of 1. 8 per cent during the same period, as shown in Table 20-1. diverse efforts were undertaken to assist these women to re-enter the job market, including the implementation of training programmes to get on them to venture into small patronagees as easy as retraining, and the identification and placement of these women in alternative jobs. 0. 07 Overall, the manufacturing sector absorbed the largest share of employed women account for 27. 3 per cent in 2000, consistent with the expanding opportunities in the sector. Another sector that recorded high female employment is the wholesale and retail trade, hotel and restaurants, as shown in Table 20-2. 20. 08 Improvements were recorded in the occupational structure, with much(prenominal) women moving into higher(prenominal)-paying occupations during the Plan period. The proportion of women in the professional and technical sept increased from 12. 7 per cent in 1995 to 13. per cent in 2000, while the proportion of women in the administrative and managerial category recorded an increase of 0. 4 per cent during the same period, as shown in Table 20-3. The share of women employed as agriculture workers declined from 16. 6 per cent in 1995 to 14. 8 per cent in 2000, consistent with the overall decline in meat employment in the sector. Women were mainly employed as production and related workers, which accounted for 22. 6 per cent of total female employment in 2000. 558 TABLE 20-1 EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION BY sexual urge WITHIN SECTORS, 1995 AND 2000 (%) 1995 2000Sector priapic Female Male Female Agriculture, Forestry, Livestock & Fishing 71. 4 28. 6 73. 2 26. 8 Mining & Quarrying 82. 1 17. 9 87. 0 13. 0 Manufacturing 57. 2 42. 8 58. 9 41. 1 Construction 93. 5 6. 5 94. 0 6. 0 Electricity, Gas & piddle 90. 4 9. 6 90. 5 9. 5 Transport, Storage & Communications 87. 9 12. 1 86. 9 13. 1 Wholesale & retail Trade, Hotel & Restaurants 61. 3 38. 7 60. 7 39. 3 Finance, Insurance, Real E domain & Business Services 60. 1 39. 9 60. 1 39. 9 Other Services 60. 0 40. 0 54. 7 45. 3 66. 1 33. 9 65. 5 34. 5 Total TABLE 20-2 EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION BY SECTOR AND sexual activity, 995 AND 2000 (%) 1995 2000 Sector Male Female Male Female 21. 6 16. 9 20. 2 14. 1 0. 5 0. 2 0. 4 0. 1 Manufacturing 20. 2 29. 4 20. 6 27. 3 Construction 11. 3 1. 5 12. 1 1. 5 0. 9 0. 2 0. 7 0. 1 Agriculture, Forestry, Livestock & Fishing Mining & Quarrying Electricity, Gas & Water Transport, Storage & Communications 6. 2 Finance, Insurance, Real Estate & Business Service s 1. 7 6. 1 1. 7 16. 6 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotel & Restaurants 20. 5 18. 1 22. 3 4. 5 5. 7 17. 2 27. 1 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Chapter 20 559 5. 6 24. 0 100. 0 Total 4. 3 18. 4 Other ServicesMalaysia Plan Ma laysia Plan Malay 8 sia Plan Malaysia Plan Malaysia Pl an Malaysia Plan Malaysia Plan Ma TABLE 20-3 EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION BY OCCUPATION AND GENDER, 1995 AND 2000 (%) 1995 2000 Occupation Category Male Female Male Female Professional, Technical & Related Workers 8. 4 12. 7 8. 9 13. 5 Administrative & managerial Workers 3. 9 1. 8 4. 7 2. 2 Clerical & Related Workers 7. 5 17. 5 7. 1 17. 5 10. 5 11. 6 11. 1 12. 1 9. 4 14. 4 9. 5 17. 4 Agriculture Workers 21. 9 16. 6 20. 4 14. 8 Production & Related Workers 38. 3 25. 4 38. 4 22. 6 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. Sales & Related Workers Service Workers Total 20. 09 assorted measures were undertaken to improve female participation in the labour market. The Employment Act 1955 was revise in 1998, which among others, go awayd for flexi ble working hours and empowered the see of Human Resources to make rules on statutory benefits to be paid to part-time workers proportionate to that of full-time employees. This amendment permitted women, oddly housewives, to be gainfully employed in part-time employment, while renounceing them the flexibility to meet their family obligations.In an effort to lease women in the semipublic sector to care for their newborn and to encourage breastfeeding, as of May 1998, maternity pass around up to 60 days was allowed for a maximum of up to five children. In addition, provisions for appraise deductions were provided to employers for the establishment of child-care centres near or at the workplace. Employers were also encouraged to provide facilities such(prenominal) as proper housing, transport and healthcare for the benefit of rural migrants, the majority of whom were women. Educational Attainment 20. 0 An important work out that contributed towards the genial and economic ad vancement of women was the huge investments in upbringingal facilities 560 accompanied by the provision of equal main course to educational opportunities. Female primary and secondary school enrolment in local public institutions reflected the gender ratio in the country. At the primary and secondary levels, enrolment of female students was about fractional of the total enrolment, while at the upper secondary level, female students accounted for about 66 per cent of total enrolment in 2000.Intake of female students into public universities expanded significantly from 50 per cent in 1995 to 55 per cent in 2000. 20. 11 With regard to preference for courses, female dominance in the arts streams continued to be prevalent accounting for 65 per cent of total enrolment in the arts and humansistic discipline courses in 2000. Females also made further inroads into learning and technical courses. Female enrolment in the sciences in institutions of higher learning accounted for 60 per cen t, while in the technical field it was 30 per cent in 2000.Skills and Entrepreneur Development 20. 12 Specific skills and entrepreneur training programmes were implemented to modify women to improve themselves and take advantage of the opportunities in the job market. In this regard, courses in areas such as business, organizational and financial charge were implemented. Skills training programmes provided by the Centre for Instructor and Advanced Skills Training were expanded, resulting in an increase of 19. 4 per cent in the female enrolment between 1995 and 2000. 20. 3 With improved literacy and the changing needs of the rural community, courses that contributed towards the closeness of women in income-generating activities were also undertaken. Towards this end, extension services in the form of the provision of equipment, initial capital grants, informatory services and training in areas such as product processing, as powerful as leaders and motivation courses were conduct ed. 20. 14 Measures were undertaken to facilitate the involvement of women in business through the provision of easy plan of attack to capital. The Women Entrepreneurs Fund was established in 1998 with an allocation of RM10 million.A total of 12 projects amounting to RM9. 5 million was approved under the Fund. Through the Small Entrepreneur Fund, a total of about 6,000 women entrepreneurs obtained loans amounting to RM65 million. Chapter 20 561 Malaysia Plan Ma laysia Plan Malay 8 sia Plan Malaysia Plan Malaysia Pl an Malaysia Plan Malaysia Plan Ma 20. 15 Various women entrepreneur and industry associations were formed, generally to serve as a platform for women entrepreneurs to establish networks and exchange information and experiences as well as to conduct training programmes, seminars, and workshops on motivation, leadership and entrepreneur development.The Womens Institute of concern (WIM) offered skills training courses, particularly in the area of entrepreneurship as well a s operated an on-line network called WIMNET that provided database anticipate facilities to businesswomen around the world. In addition, the Institute of Womens Advancement, the Federation of Women Entrepreneurs Association and the Association for Bumiputera Women Entrepreneurs conducted courses and seminars in skills and entrepreneur development.A total of about 10,000 women benefited from these courses. Research and Development 20. 16 Women were actively involved in research and development activities during the Plan period. According to the 1998 National Survey of Research and Development, which covered research undertaken by government research institutions, institutions of higher learning and the private sector, women accounted for about a third of the total number of researchers with masters and bachelor pointedness qualifications, as shown in Table 20-4.In terms of research fields in the public sector, females were predominantly lay out in the medical and health and inform ation sectors. TABLE 20-4 R&D PERSONNEL BY GENDER AND QUALIFICATION, 1998 (%) Phd Masters Bachelor Non-Degree Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female GRI1 29. 2 8. 0 38. 0 16. 4 14. 6 8. 5 11. 8 9. 2 2 39. 8 15. 0 15. 0 14. 0 9. 7 9. 0 14. 0 19. 6 7. 0 1. 0 13. 0 3. 6 43. 2 15. 0 36. 8 8. 6 76. 0 24. 0 66. 0 34. 0 67. 5 32. 5 62. 6 37. 4 IHL Private Sector Total Notes 1 Refers to Government Research Institutions 2Refers to Institutions of high Learning 562 Health Status 20. 17 Women were equal recipients of the benefits of developments in the health sector. As such, the health stance of women continued to register improvements during the Plan period. The average female life expectancy continued to improve from 74 years in 1995 to 74. 7 years in 2000 compared with 69. 3 years and 69. 9 years, respectively, for males. The maternal(p) mortality rate rate, which is an indicator of the health precondition of women, remained low at 0. 2 per 1,000 live births during the Plan pe riod. 20. 8 With the entrance of the Family Health Programme in 1996, womens health was prone emphasis from two perspectives, namely, the health of the family comprising maternal and child health, immunization, family planning, early detection of cancers and nutrition, as well as diseases affecting women with specific attention to human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). The maternal and child health programme, aimed at reducing maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, alter prenatal and antenatal healthcare and providing health and utrition education continued to be implemented. In addition, increased accessibility to safe delivery services contributed towards the achievement of a satisfactory maternal mortality rate. As a result, deliveries in the public sector health facilities increased from 85. 1 per cent in 1985 to 95. 3 per cent in 1999. Concerted efforts were also undertaken to widen the coverage of antenatal health care services re sulting in 72 per cent of pregnant women having access to such services.The Government introduced the Nutrition Rehabilitation Programme for fraught(p) Mothers in 1997 to further improve the health status of women through the provision of adequate nutrition, particularly women in the low-income group. 20. 19 With longer life expectancy and to ensure that women are healthy and remain healthy in their old age, health education programmes, seminars and workshops on healthy lifestyles, nutrition and the importance of regular medical examinations were introduced by the public and private sectors.In view of the fact that women, especially young women, are in the high-risk category in terms of vulnerability to AIDS, greater emphasis was given towards providing information on AIDS awareness and education. Despite these efforts, the percentage of women with HIV infection increased from 4. 3 per cent in 1995 to 5. 1 per cent in 1999. A programme, specifically for pregnant mothers infected wi th HIV, was also introduced at all antenatal clinics. Chapter 20 563 Malaysia Plan Ma laysia Plan Malay 8 sia Plan Malaysia Plan Malaysia Pl an Malaysia Plan Malaysia Plan MaPoverty among Female-headed Households 20. 20 Recognizing that increasing poverty among women is a world-wide phenomenon, various efforts were undertaken by the Government and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to reduce the incidence of poverty among women. These included the provision of micro-credit facilities to about 22,850 women through Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia to facilitate their involvement in small businesses and training programmes to assist unity mothers to obtain employment. Despite these efforts, the incidence of poverty among female-headed households increased from 15. per cent or 585,688 households in 1997 to 16. 1 per cent or 588,554 households in 1999. Supportive Legislation 20. 21 During the period, efforts to further enhance the status of women continued to be undertaken. Existing regulations were reviewed and new ones enacted to protect the rights and dignity of women in some(prenominal) public and private life. In mention of the importance of womens contribution to the labour force, the amendment of the Employment Act 1955 encouraged more women to join the labour force.With the increased participation of women in the labour force, the existence of a healthy working environment is crucial. Towards this end, in 1999 the Government introduced a code of ethics for the prevention of sexual harassment at the workplace. This code, although applicable to both men and women, contains specific provisions to protect women in the workplace. In addition, women taxpayers, whose husbands had no taxable income, were provided taxable alleviation similar to that useable to a male taxpayer whose wife had no taxable income. 20. 2 To enhance the potency and capacity of syariah courts, including in the handling of issues pertaining to Muslim women, the Government initiated a review of the organization of syariah courts in the country. Consequently, the surgical incision of Syariah Judiciary was established in 1997, among others, aimed at ensuring uniformity among states in the judgement of cases pertaining to Islamic Family Law. During the period, five states, namely, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Perlis, Pulau Pinang and Selangor as well as the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur implemented the Islamic Family Law.With this implementation, Muslim women were provided with better protection. 564 20. 23 Various efforts were undertaken to further protect the rights and dignity of women. The Women and Girls Protection Act 1973 and the fry Protection Act 1991 were reviewed and streamlined into the Child Act 2000. In addition, recognizing the role of women in care for their families, the Guardianship of Infants Act 1961 was amended in 1999 to allow joint guardianship of children in matters relating to immigration and registration.In implementing this amendment, the Governme nt, in 2000, also allowed mothers to sign all documents involving their underage children. National Machinery for the Advancement of Women 20. 24 The national machinery for the advancement of women in Malaysia comprises the Government, the private sector and NGOs, working in tandem bicycle towards the common objective of improving the status of women. Recognizing the need to further enhance the rough-and-readyness of the national machinery, the Womens Affairs Department at the Ministry of National Unity and Social Development was transferred to the Prime Ministers Department in 1999.To enable more effective implementation of the National Policy for Women, the Plan of consummation for the Advancement of Women was introduced to all public and private sector agencies to be used as a give-up the ghost in the planning and implementation of development programmes. In addition, gender sensitizing training programmes continued to be implemented in the public sector and similar programme s were initiated in the private sector. 20. 5 During the period, the National consultive Council on the Integration of Women in Development (NACIWID) continued to function as the coordinating, consultative and advisory corpse on womens affairs by highlighting to the Government issues and concerns pertaining to women. Measures were also undertaken to institute links with the grassroot through the establishment of women service centres at the state level and womens affairs consultative committees at the state and district levels.During the Plan period, centres were established in the States of Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Sabah and Selangor, which provided various services such as counselling, legal care and temporary shelter for women in need. The consultative committees monitored the implementation and impact of programmes and projects for women and provided the necessary feedback for improved project cookery and implementation. 20. 26 NGOs played an important role in complementing the efforts of the Government in advancing the status of women.In addition to organizing courses in family health, legal literacy, entrepreneurial development and parenting skills, Chapter 20 565 Malaysia Plan Ma laysia Plan Malay 8 sia Plan Malaysia Plan Malaysia Pl an Malaysia Plan Malaysia Plan Ma NGOs also implemented various activities to increase the knowledge and skills of women in the vocational and technical fields. Specific programmes were also introduced to assist single mothers in obtaining employment and caring for their families. NGOs also played the catalytic role in highlighting issues to further improve the status and rights of women.III. PROSPECTS, 2001-2005 20. 27 During the Eighth Plan period, efforts allow continue to be undertaken to further enhance the role, position and responsibilities of women so as to increase their participation and involvement in the social and economic life of the country. In implementing the Plan of Action for the Advancement of Women , the Government impart continue to ensure that strategies and programmes implemented are consistent with Malaysian values, spiritual beliefs and cultural norms. 20. 8 Taking cognizance of the changes in the global environment and the need to adjust to these changes, efforts ordain be undertaken to provide women with the skills and knowledge to cope with the twin responsibilities of family and locomote. Towards this end, the strategic thrusts for the future advancement of women impart be t increasing female participation in the labour market t providing more education and training opportunities for women to meet the necessarys of the knowledge-based economy and improve their upward mobility in the labour market t enhancing womens involvement in business reviewing laws and regulations that inhibit the advancement of women t improving further the health status of women t reducing the incidence of poverty among female-headed households t strengthening research activities to incre ase participation of women in development and enhance their well- existence and t strengthening the national machinery and the institutional capacity for the advancement of women. 566 change magnitude Female Participation in the Labour Force 20. 29 Although women account for nearly half of the working age population, their participation in the labour force is relatively low.Various efforts forget be undertaken to mobilize this available pool of resource, thus increasing the supply of labour and contributing towards enhancing the nations output. The private sector, being the largest employer, ordain be further encouraged to introduce the necessary support facilities such as establishing child-care centres as well as providing transportation and housing facilities for their women employees. In addition, the Employment Act 1955 result be amended to include new and flexible working arrangements such as teleworking, part-time work and job sharing, to enable women to integrate career with household duties.Providing More Education and Training Opportunities 20. 30 Women will be provided with more education and training opportunities to meet the demands of the knowledge-based economy as well as to facilitate their upward mobility into higher-paying occupations. To encourage more women to pursue non-traditional fields of study such as science, engineering and vocational and technical education, career counselling programmes will be implemented to provide information and instill greater awareness among female students and parents regarding career opportunities in the professional and technical fields. 0. 31 With the need to increase knowledge and skills as well as move towards higher capital intensity, there will be a greater demand for highly and multiskilled workers. Women will thus be provided with more training opportunities to acquire new and advanced skills relevant to the needs of the industry. In addition, in response to the rapid changes in technology that requires constant upgrading of skills, women will be provided with increased opportunities for retraining.The private sector will also be encouraged to complement the efforts of the Government in providing more skills training opportunities for women, including in new technologies. 20. 32 Efforts will be undertaken to improve womens access to information and communications technology (ICT). Formal and non-formal training in areas such as computer literacy and applications of ICT will be conducted jointly by the Government and NGOs, with special emphasis given to rural women. In addition, to enhance the effectiveness of the training programmes, efforts will be taken to ensure that software development is gender sensitive.Chapter 20 567 Malaysia Plan Ma laysia Plan Malay 8 sia Plan Malaysia Plan Malaysia Pl an Malaysia Plan Malaysia Plan Ma Enhancing Womens Involvement in Business 20. 33 Efforts to enhance womens involvement in business will continue to be undertaken. Training in busi ness-related areas such as marketing, accounting, budgeting and planning will be implemented by the Government and NGOs. Programmes will be implemented to enable women entrepreneurs to be more combative in terms of production, product quality and design as well as packaging and labelling. In addition, the utilization of ICT in business will be emphasized.The Government will also continue to provide funds under the Women Entrepreneurs Fund to enable more women to participate in business. Through the implementation of gender sensitive strategies, more opportunities will be provided to women to increase their participation and involvement in business ventures. Reviewing Laws and Regulations 20. 34 Existing laws and regulations will be reviewed to eliminate provisions that discriminate or have adverse do on women. Legislation that will be reviewed includes those pertaining to family law and the distribution of property for non-Muslims.The Government will study the feasibility of estab lishing family courts with a view towards ensuring that issues pertaining to the family are discussed and decisions made in a more conducive environment. Efforts will also be undertaken to ensure the effective enforcement and speedy implementation of court decisions, including decisions of syariah courts, so as to provide for the protection and welfare of women. In addition, steps will continue to be taken to ensure the implementation of Islamic Family Law in the remaining states. Improving the Health Status 20. 5 Emphasis will continue to be given to promoting womens health and that of their families. Through the family health programme, special attention will be given to HIV and sexually-transmitted infection prevention, family planning, as well as the identification of factors causing non-communicable diseases such as cancers, mental illnesses and cardiovascular diseases. In view of the fact that women have longer life expectancy and to ensure that women remain healthy in their o ld age, specific health education programmes including the promotion of healthy lifestyles and nutrition will continue to be implemented. 68 20. 36 Recognizing the peculiarities of illnesses confronting women, such as osteoporosis and those related to generative health, and in an effort to provide higher quality healthcare for women, the Government will establish a special hospital for women. This hospital will be the national referral centre for womens health and well-being. In addition, research on various aspects of womens health will be undertaken, with emphasis on biomedical, socio-behavioural and clinical research. Reducing the Incidence of Poverty among Female-headed Households 20. 7 In view of the increasing number of female-headed households and the rising incidence of poverty among them, efforts will be undertaken to ensure that these women have the capacity and capability to care for their families. Towards this end, research on the difficulties faced by women as head of households as well as the differing impacts of poverty on women and men will be undertaken to assist in the development of relevant programmes and projects. A special programme aimed at reducing the incidence of poverty among female-headed households will also be formulated to improve their quality of life as well as that of their families.Strengthening Research Activities 20. 38 During the Plan period, emphasis will be given to strengthening research in specific areas that will contribute towards increasing the participation of women in national development and enhancing their well-being. Research will be undertaken in areas such as the involvement of women in science and technology and ICT, the welfare of women in the informal sector, the role and status of women in the workplace, mobility of women in the labour force and remunerations received, women and mental health, and difficulties faced by women as head of households.Findings from these activities will assist in the formula tion of policies and programmes that will further promote the advancement of women. Strengthening the National Machinery and the Institutional Capacity 20. 39 The establishment of the Ministry for Women and Family Development will provide greater focus on issues relating to women as well as ensure the effective implementation and coordination of programmes for women and families. Chapter 20 569 Malaysia Plan Ma laysia Plan Malay 8 sia Plan Malaysia Plan Malaysia Pl an Malaysia Plan Malaysia Plan MaConsistent with the goals of the National Policy for Women, efforts will be undertaken to improve and strengthen the national machinery for the advancement of women. Towards this end, measures will be instituted to ensure greater coordination and collaboration in the implementation of activities for women. In addition, links with the grassroots will continue to be strengthened with the establishment of women service centres in the remaining 10 states. 20. 40 During the Plan period, various mechanisms will be instituted to enable women to participate in decision-making processes at all levels.This is to ensure the incorporation of the needs of women in the formulation of policies and the development of strategies and programmes for the further advancement of women. Gender analysis training and sensitization for policy-makers and planners and programme implementors will continue to be implemented in the public and private sectors. Greater efforts will also be undertaken to ensure the systematic collection and compilation of gender disaggregated data to facilitate analysis, get awareness and formulate appropriate and effective follow-up action on gender issues. IV. CONCLUSION 0. 41 With the provision of equal access to healthcare as well as educational and training programmes and improved employment opportunities, women made advancements in various fields of development. During the Eighth Plan period, efforts will continue to further enhance the status of women as equ al partners in development. Towards this end, the Government will provide the enabling environment and supportive mechanisms, including the implementation of gender sensitive programmes, to enable women to reach their full potential in the social and economic fields of development. 570