When Brothers Share a Wife an Example by

When Brothers Share a Wife In his article, Melvyn C. Goldstein sheds the light onto the major controversies that grow out of Tibetans commitment to the principles of fraternal polyandry. It appears that for Tibetans to promote fraternal polyandry means to promote a normal form of marriage relationships. Unfortunately, the author of the article does not back up his claims with either previous studies or the results of other empirical researches. From the anthropological perspective, we should be more than interested in answering the question WHY fraternal polyandry remains one of the basic marriage forms in Tibet. Economic reasons might be relevant, but beyond purely economic factors there is a whole set of social and cultural considerations, which should be taken into account when investigating the hidden facets of marriage principles in Tibet. Need essay sample on "When Brothers Share a Wife" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed People Usually Tell EssayLab support: How much do I have to pay someone to write my essay online? Essay writers suggest: Get Your Essay Before The Deadline Best Essay Writing Service Reviews Order Essay Online Review Best Essay Writing Service Cheap Essay Writing Service In his article, Melvyn C. Goldstein (1987) sheds the light onto the major controversies that grow out of Tibetans commitment to the principles of fraternal polyandry. It appears that for Tibetans to promote fraternal polyandry means to promote a normal form of marriage relationships, in which several brothers and their wife live, work, and bring up their children cooperatively. Apart from the fact that fraternal polyandry helps avoid favoritism and inequality, this form of marriage is rooted in long-standing Tibetan traditions. Fraternal polyandry is justified by the need to cultivate land and grow cattle. Because of the limited farmland, the Tibetan subsistence economy characteristically includes a strong emphasis on animal husbandry (Goldstein, 1987), and monogamous marriage would hardly give families sufficient opportunities to manage their farms and animals. Unfortunately, fraternal polyandry is not without its problems; sexual relationships with the wife often become the reasons of conflict. Goldstein (1987) suggests that given the dominant position of the eldest brother, his younger siblings are hardly ever offered a chance to change their social position (Goldstein, 1987). Simultaneously, as economic conditions in Tibet are gradually changing, fraternal polyandry may soon become irrelevant and vanish in the next generation. Certainly, Goldstein (1987) tries to be objective in his research, and along with the benefits and rationale for fraternal polyandry in Tibet, he also provides an extensive list of problems that stem of the competition and conflicts between brothers. The problem, however, is in that the author of the article does not back up his claims with either previous studies or the results of other empirical researches. Furthermore, Goldstein (1987) asserts that the roots of fraternal polyandry are purely economic; but what about social stratification and its impact on marriage? Moreover, what about the sociobiological assumptions which fraternal polyandry seems to deny? As long as males biologically and naturally seek to expand the range of their female mates, fraternal polyandry, on the contrary, reduces their chances to have as many offspring as possible, due to the fact that they have to share a common spouse. From the anthropological perspective, we should be more than interested in answer ing the question WHY fraternal polyandry remains one of the basic marriage forms in Tibet. Economic reasons might be relevant, but beyond purely economic factors there is a whole set of social and cultural considerations, which should be taken into account when investigating the hidden facets of marriage principles in Tibet. To review fraternal polyandry from sociobiological and social perspectives may help create a more holistic anthropological picture of Tibetans and explore the impact, which different factors produce on their choice of the specific marriage form. References Goldstein, M.C. (1987). When brothers share a wife. Natural History, March, pp. 39-48.

Black Infantry in the West essays

Black Infantry in the West essays In May of 1865, Congress faced a problem with the war ending and men being sent home. Where were they going to find men to replace the volunteer units? Another problem that the army faced was keeping the hostile Indians under control and learning how to adapt to their style of warfare. General Sheridan also proved to be an important person during this time period. At the beginning of the Indian wars, from 1866 to 1891, the actual strength of the army was approximately 25,000 men (Fowler, 1971, p. 4). Because of the shortage of men, many commanders found themselves very short on personnel. Sheridan pointed out that he was required to garrison seventy three posts and protect an area of country that extended from Canada in the north to Rio Grande in the south with a force of only 13,468 men (Fowler, 1971, p.5). I could only imagine how difficult it must have been for Sheridan to cover such a vast area of land with such a shortage of personnel. It makes you wonder how he organized his divisions to cover the area required by him. The Indian wars proved to be one of the biggest problems that faced the infantry in the west. The way the Indians fought was impractical to the army. They were used to using large regiments and guns. The Indians hit and run style of fighting devastated the army. This was smart to me. The Indians fought their own war instead of fighting the armys war. If the Indians would have tried to fight the way the army was used to fighting, they would have been slaughtered. The war most likely would not have lasted as long as it did. In my opinion, the Indians were very tactical. Just think, they fought their own war on land that they had lived on forever. They were also very mobile. They could pick up and move their entire tribe at a rate of 55 miles per day (Fowler, 1971 p. 7).The Indians ability to move quickly and endure long marches through rough conditions also proved to be a useful tactic. When reviewing thi...

Affirmative Action Overview

Affirmative Action Overview Affirmative action refers to policies that try to correct past discrimination in hiring, university admissions, and other candidate selection. The necessity of affirmative action is often debated. The concept of affirmative action is that positive steps should be taken to ensure equality, instead of ignoring discrimination or waiting for society to fix itself. Affirmative action becomes controversial when it is perceived as giving preference to minorities or women over other qualified candidates. The Origin of Affirmative Action Programs Former U.S. President John F. Kennedy used the phrase â€Å"affirmative action† in 1961. In an executive order, President Kennedy required federal contractors to â€Å"take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed†¦without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.† In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson issued an order that used the same language to call for nondiscrimination in government employment.  Ã‚   It was not until 1967 that President Johnson addressed sex discrimination. He issued another executive order on October 13, 1967. It expanded his previous order and required the government’s equal opportunity programs to â€Å"expressly embrace discrimination on account of sex† as they worked toward equality. The Need for Affirmative Action The legislation of the 1960s was part of a larger climate of seeking equality and justice for all members of society. Segregation had been legal for decades after the end of slavery. President Johnson argued for affirmative action: if two men were running a race, he said, but one had his legs bound together in shackles, they could not achieve a fair result by simply removing the shackles. Instead, the man who had been in chains should be allowed to make up the missing yards from the time he was bound. If striking down segregation laws could not instantly solve the problem, then positive steps of affirmative action could be used to achieve what President Johnson called â€Å"equality of result.† Some opponents of affirmative action saw it as a â€Å"quota† system that unfairly demanded a certain number of minority candidates be hired no matter how qualified the competing white male candidate was. Affirmative action brought up different issues concerning women in the workplace.  There was little protest of women in traditional â€Å"women’s jobs†- secretaries, nurses, elementary school teachers, etc. As more women began to work in jobs that had not been traditional women’s jobs, there was an outcry that giving a job to a woman over a qualified male candidate would be â€Å"taking† the job from the man. The men needed the job, was the argument, but the women did not need to work. In her 1979 essay â€Å"The Importance of Work,† Gloria Steinem rejected the notion that women should not work if they do not â€Å"have to. She pointed out the double standard that employers never ask men with children at home if they need the job for which they are applying. She also argued that many women do, in fact, â€Å"need† their jobs. Work is a human right, not a male right, she wrote, and she criticized the false argument that independence for women is a luxury. New and Evolving Controversies Has affirmative action corrected past inequality? During the 1970s, the controversy over affirmative action often surfaced around the issues of government hiring and equal employment opportunity. Later, the affirmative action debate shifted away from the workplace and toward college admissions decisions. It has thus shifted away from women and back to a debate over race. There are roughly equal numbers of men and women admitted to higher education programs, and women have not been the focus of university admissions arguments. U.S. Supreme Court decisions have examined the affirmative action policies of competitive state schools such as the University of California and the University of Michigan. Although strict quotas have been struck down, a university admissions committee may consider minority status as one of many factors in admissions decisions as it selects a diverse student body.   Still Necessary? The Civil Rights Movement and the Women’s Liberation Movement achieved a radical transformation of what society accepted as normal. It is often difficult for subsequent generations to understand the need for affirmative action. They may have grown up intuitively knowing that â€Å"you can’t discriminate because that’s illegal!†Ã‚   While some opponents say affirmative action is outdated, others find that women still face a â€Å"glass ceiling† that prevents them from advancing past a certain point in the workplace.   Many organizations continue to promote inclusive policies, whether or not they use the term â€Å"affirmative action.† They fight discrimination on the basis of disability, sexual orientation, or family status (mothers or women who may become pregnant). Amid calls for a race-blind, neutral society, the debate over affirmative action continues.

An understanding of the term One Man Bridge Operation Dissertation

An understanding of the term One Man Bridge Operation - Dissertation Example This study looks into IMO, COLREGs and the STCW 95, that have laid down regulations and norms that govern one-man bridge operations and these have caused a reduction in the incidents at sea and thereby increased the safety of vessels at sea. Yet, the situation has not been brought totally under control and as seen human fatigue in combination with one-man bridge operation is still a problem area. My humble viewing of the situation and the manner in which this can be addressed runs this way. Incidents at sea due to human fatigue and one man bridge operations is due to the improper manning of ships and the navigation team and the Master of the vessel and the navigation team pay the price even though they are not responsible for the manning policies on board the ship. A minimum complement of four navigation officers and four navigation ratings should be made mandatory on board all seagoing vessels irrespective of the type of vessel, size of vessel and length of voyage. Inspections of sh ips can be utilized to ensure proper manning of vessels. The fines for improper manning of vessels should be high so as to act as a deterrent. These fines should be imposed on the ship owner or ship Management Company. The quantum of the fine should be similar to those imposed for polluting the environment as this measure has been effective in making tankers wary of polluting the seas. Such steps would cause ships to be manned in an optimum manner and if not remove at least reduce the problem caused by human fatigue and the one-man bridge operation.

Iron Deficiency Anemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Iron Deficiency Anemia - Essay Example Iron is the main component that makes up hemoglobin (the red pigments that give blood its red color). Other than giving the blood its color, hemoglobin is the main agent that transports oxygen from the lungs to various cells of a human body. Thus, low levels of iron in the blood means that the blood cannot transport sufficient oxygen to other part of the body. In normal condition iron absorption and assimilation is lower than other macro elements such as sodium. Iron deficiency results from loss of blood through severe hemorrhage resulting from injuries and menstruation in women. In such condition, the body loses iron at a rate that is above natural replenishment through dietary intake. According to the case study, Ms A is 26 years and hence she is at the height of her menstrual cycle. Possibly Ms A has never given birth and, therefore menstruation is the only major cause of blood loss from her body. The main factor supporting the diagnostic claim is her experience of dysmenorrheal. Dysmenorrheal is a throbbing pain on the lower abdomen caused by strong contraction of uterine muscles. The condition is associated with low levels of prostaglandin blood. Clearly, this shows that her body has low level of blood resulting from iron deficiency. Unlike other components that form the blood such as proteins and water, iron is less abundant in the body (Mody, Brown, Wechsler, 2003). ... Both conditions results from low levels of blood a condition that is associated with iron deficiency. Thus, the patient is likely to be suffering from iron deficiency anemia. Case Study #2 Cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure are physiological conditions, which lower the heart pumping ability. This means that the heart cannot pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic requirements of the body. Patients undergoing therapies and treatment for CHF condition require adequate care to enable them cope with their medication and lead a quality life. As a caregiver, I will purpose at identifying the best treatment plan for Mr. P and ensuring that he leads quality life. According to Mr. P’s background information, I will emphasis on lifestyle changes that are aimed at quality life. Thus, he will be required to adopt a new diet and a physical exercise routine. In addition, my approach will be aimed at empowering the patient into understanding their condition so that they can faci litate in improving their own health. I will also encourage his wife to contribute into the care-giving plan as a family caregiver. Treatment plan and rationale The patient will be required to undergo regular assessments for abnormal heart and lung sounds, blood pressure and pulses, skin temperature and oxygen saturation. This assessment will be aimed at ensuring that the patient is not at risk of acquiring other opportunistic conditions such as renal failure. Assessment of body temperature will provide information on accumulation of waste products in the bloodstream, which impairs oxygen intake and transportation. Assessing cardiac glucose will reduce cardiac workload hence minimize myocardial oxygen consumption. This assessment will facilitate dietary control and regular

Discuss Shakespeare’s presentation of Jaques as the “odd man out” in As You Like It Essay Example for Free

Discuss Shakespeare’s presentation of Jaques as the â€Å"odd man out† in As You Like It Essay It can be argued that Shakespeare continuously presents Jaques as the odd man out throughout the romantic comedy As you like it through a range of methods. Jaques’ melancholy character would have been a solid portrayal of man courtiers at the time both in society and in literature as this misanthropic attitude was perceived as fashionable. As You Like It is based on Thomas Lodge’s â€Å"Rosalynd† – Jaques is not a character in this, he is Shakespeare’s own creation, prominent character who provides balance, through his cynicism, from the pastoral and romantic idyll. As You Like It is not wholly a pastoral piece however, as Shakespeare diverges slightly from the conventional pastoral tradition throughout As You Like It. To be continued†¦ Paragraph One – Act 2, Scene 1: Act 2, Scene 1 is the first time we are introduced to Jaques, despite him not being present, his absence from stage immediately depicts him as an odd man out as he is not with the people he has chosen to be exiled with, he is apart from the group he is supposedly part of. Although Jaques is not in this scene, this scene is vital in beginning to mould our impressions of Jaques, through reportage one of the Lords gives Jaques the epithet â€Å"the melancholy Jaques† this is the first time he is mentioned and it singles him out as rather strange, as a â€Å"melancholy† man he certainly stands out in such a light hearted play. Being introduced as â€Å"melancholy† would have led the Elizabethans to believe that Jaques had an excess black bile leading to his unbalanced behaviour; this imbalance of the four humours would have singled him out as an odd man out. Jaques bemoans how the exiled Duke and his courtiers are usurping the deer of the forest by hunting them: â€Å"You do more usurp than doth your brother that hath banished you.† This reaction is rather expansive and it contrasts with Duke Seniors more moderate view of realising the necessity of hunting. This idea of hunting is where Shakespeare falls slightly away from the conventional pastoral tradition. Shakespeare probably chose to incorporate the more realistic aspect of hunting so he was able to present Jaques as a courtier struggling to adjust  to forest life. This contrasts with the other courtiers who are trying to adjust to life in Arden. The initial visual image of Jaques, again created through reportage: â€Å"as he lay along under an oak whose antic root peeps out upon the brook† this depiction of Jaques under a tree beside a brook presents Jaques here yet again as an odd man out through this pose which was a prominent pose for a philosopher in contemporary Elizabethan art, and the Elizabethan audience would have recognised this. The Lords quotes Jaques, â€Å"Poor deer, thou maks’t a testament as worldlings do, giving thy sum of more to that which had too much.† Shakespeare presents Jaques, through dialogue, as the commentator who connects the rather irrelevant death of the stag to his cynical view of the world, this commentating role that Jaques adapts reaffirms our initial impressions of him as an odd man out. He â€Å"weeps† for the deer and seems greatly affected by such a trivial event. Jaques’ view of hunting in Act 2, Scene 1 juxtaposes the celebratory tone in reference to hunting in Act 4, Scene 2: â€Å"Let’s present him to the Duke like a Roman conqueror.† This precarious attitude towards hunting makes us question whether Jaques’ melancholy is merely an affectation. Jaques cannot, however, be classified, in Act 2, Scene 1, as a complete malcontent as Duke Senior desires his company, â€Å"I love to cope him in these sullen fits† and whilst Jaques is separate from the other exiled courtiers in this scene; he is not alienated by them. In this scene he is presented as an odd man out, but only to a certain extent. Paragraph Two – Act 2, Scene 5: In Act 2, Scene 5, Shakespeare use of the simile â€Å"I can suck melancholy out of a song as a weasel sucks eggs.† to show how Jaques relishes in his melancholy, he is almost boasting the fact that he can find melancholy in anything, this furthers our impression of him as an odd man out in this sportive play. Jaques compares himself to a weasel, a disagreeable, sharp toothed animal, out of place in this pastoral idyll; this comparison strongly presents him as an outsider. Jaques’ satirical verse of song gives an alternative view of the courtiers’ situation, he parodies Amiens’ song and by putting his own idiosyncratic twist on it, he is showing himself to be the odd man out, he is not adjusting to the forest as the others have. He calls the courtiers â€Å"gross fools† for leaving the comfort of court for country life, although it was not their choice. He seems to forget that he  is one of the â€Å"fools† that has left his â€Å"wealth and ease† for exiled life in Arden, in this way it could be argued that he is not in fact an odd man out to the extent that he is a complete outsider, rather he is actually part of the ensemble of Duke Senior and the other exiled Lords. Paragraph Three – Act 2, Scene 7: Act 2, Scene 7 is arguably the most important scene of the play for Jaques, in this scene Jaques is presented as being envious of the license of the fool which Touchstone holds, â€Å"I am ambitious for a motely coat† he says that the metaphorical motely coat is his only â€Å"suit† playing on the word â€Å"pursuit†, to have the license of the fool is the only thing he will pursue. Shakespeare uses the simile â€Å"I must have liberty withal, as large a character as the wind to blow on whom I please† to reinforce this ambition to be a commentator. This audacious satire presents him as an odd man out because he wants to separate himself from society and be able to comment and criticise the world around him freely. The 1590’s were a great time of censorship, satire was under threat and Shakespeare takes this opportunity to address the issue that writers should be allowed to use satire. The idea that Jaques wanted to â€Å"cleanse the foul body of th’infected world† would have resonated with the Elizabethan audiences who lived in a corrupt world, under the rule of Queen Elizabeth’s Dictatorial court. However DS is quick to chastise Jaques through badinage, saying that Jaques has been a â€Å"libertine† he suggests that it would be hypocritical for Jaques to attempt to cleanse the world of its’ vices and follies because he is just the same as the rest of us, for he has been a hedonist, this suggests that Jaques is not an odd man out, he attempts to present himself as being a patrician but he is in fact no better than the rest of us. Jaques’ Seven Ages of Man extended metaphor is the longest speech in the entire play; it gives Jaques’ bleak view of life. His very ideas of life are melancholic; the image of the â€Å"mewling and puking† baby is not what comes to the common persons mind when they would think of a baby, showing Jaques to be a contrarian. The entire speech is about the cyclical pattern of loss throughout life, in the beginning we have nothing and anything we gain in life we end up losing anyway. Jaques presents himself as the commentator, commenting on the different stages of life that people aspire to such as that of the lover, he  presents the lover as â€Å"sighing like furnace with a woeful ballad made to his mistress’ eyebrow† he presents the lover as then he satirises the parts of life which should be honourable; he mocks the soldier with his â€Å"bubble reputation† and the corrupt judiciary. As he continues, what he says grows continuously morose, the sibilance in â€Å"Shrunk shank† suggests the muscle wastage in old age; Jaques suggests that life is ultimately about loss. This bleak outlook on life shows Jaques to be a misanthropic odd man out. The way Jaques compares the world to theatre was quite conventional of literature at the time, but it is quite interesting that Shakespeare chose to compare life to a â€Å"history†, with Jaques’ melancholia it may have been more suitable for him to compare life to a tragedy but perhaps Shakespeare is suggesting that Jaques does see that life is a mixture of comedy and tragedy so maybe his view isn’t so unique, maybe he is only an odd man out to some extent. The juxtaposition of the following scene shows that Jaques melancholic view isn’t quite universal, neither Orlando the romantic hero of the play, nor Adam the old man fit their stereotype, Orland is seen as greater than just the lover, he is honourable and shows compassion to Adam and Adam is referred to as a â€Å"venerable burden† he does not fit the scathing analysis of the elderly by Jaques. Through this juxtaposition Jaques is clearly presented as the odd man, he has his own separate view of life, which does not really reflect reality.

Symbolism and Interpretation in Animal Farm Essay example -- Animal Fa

Symbolism and Interpretation in Animal Farm When Orwell published Animal Farm in 1945, a popular belief held that the Soviet Union was an honorable nation. Orwell hoped to write a novel that exposed the murderous truth of the Soviet System; he employed allegory to show a truth that remained unclear to many. As an allegory on early 20th Century Russia, ANIMAL FARM introduces its audience to a wide array of characters--each serving as a symbol. The table below provides a list of fictional characters, events, and items from the film ANIMAL FARM, and the real-life counterparts they appear to represent. Consider how each character could also be interpreted to have a larger, broader meaning. Farmer Jones : The farmer stands for the Russian Czar Nicolas II who was forced to abdicate after the successful February Revolution. In addition, Mr. Jones symbolizes the evils of capitalism, and the moral decline of men under this type of society. Humans: The humans stand for the capitalists, who exploit the weak. The gradual transformation of the pigs into human-like creatures represents the process by which the revolution's leaders became corrupted. Whether capitalist or communist in name, the underlying reality of many political systems is tyranny. Old Major: Many believe Orwell made Old Major a symbol for Karl Marx, the father of the Communist belief system. Both Old Major and Karl Marx serve as the founders of a revolutionary creed, and both die before the revolutionary events they predict. Snowball: Snowball represents Leon Trotsky. Like Trotsky, Snowball is a smart, young speaker who dreams of making life better for all animals. One of the early leaders of the "October Revolution", Trotsky was banish... ...work and submissive behavior. "Beasts of England": This song--which becomes the official creed of the animals' revolution--represents the "Communist Internationale," a real song penned by supporters of communism in the early 1900's. Windmill: The windmill stands for Russian industry. Soviet leaders focused on making Russia industrially modern after the Revolution of 1917. Joseph Stalin, in particular, drew up several "Five Year Plans," which plotted the tremendous growth of Russia's railroads, factories, coal and metal mines. Contemporary Connection: In the original novel, Orwell ends the story with the pigs' ultimate ascension. The cartoon film version flashes us forward to a world after the pigs' fall. How does the film update Orwell's allegory? Research the history of Russia and Eastern Europe over the past 20 years. Who might Jessie represent? Symbolism and Interpretation in Animal Farm Essay example -- Animal Fa Symbolism and Interpretation in Animal Farm When Orwell published Animal Farm in 1945, a popular belief held that the Soviet Union was an honorable nation. Orwell hoped to write a novel that exposed the murderous truth of the Soviet System; he employed allegory to show a truth that remained unclear to many. As an allegory on early 20th Century Russia, ANIMAL FARM introduces its audience to a wide array of characters--each serving as a symbol. The table below provides a list of fictional characters, events, and items from the film ANIMAL FARM, and the real-life counterparts they appear to represent. Consider how each character could also be interpreted to have a larger, broader meaning. Farmer Jones : The farmer stands for the Russian Czar Nicolas II who was forced to abdicate after the successful February Revolution. In addition, Mr. Jones symbolizes the evils of capitalism, and the moral decline of men under this type of society. Humans: The humans stand for the capitalists, who exploit the weak. The gradual transformation of the pigs into human-like creatures represents the process by which the revolution's leaders became corrupted. Whether capitalist or communist in name, the underlying reality of many political systems is tyranny. Old Major: Many believe Orwell made Old Major a symbol for Karl Marx, the father of the Communist belief system. Both Old Major and Karl Marx serve as the founders of a revolutionary creed, and both die before the revolutionary events they predict. Snowball: Snowball represents Leon Trotsky. Like Trotsky, Snowball is a smart, young speaker who dreams of making life better for all animals. One of the early leaders of the "October Revolution", Trotsky was banish... ...work and submissive behavior. "Beasts of England": This song--which becomes the official creed of the animals' revolution--represents the "Communist Internationale," a real song penned by supporters of communism in the early 1900's. Windmill: The windmill stands for Russian industry. Soviet leaders focused on making Russia industrially modern after the Revolution of 1917. Joseph Stalin, in particular, drew up several "Five Year Plans," which plotted the tremendous growth of Russia's railroads, factories, coal and metal mines. Contemporary Connection: In the original novel, Orwell ends the story with the pigs' ultimate ascension. The cartoon film version flashes us forward to a world after the pigs' fall. How does the film update Orwell's allegory? Research the history of Russia and Eastern Europe over the past 20 years. Who might Jessie represent?

Cardio Workouts

By taking fitness again this term, I feel that I have accomplished my goals that I set for myself and have gotten into a great routine I could try everyday over the summer. Now experienced exercising on mostly all the cardio machines, I am able to effortlessly exercise through a workout for thirty minutes or more. For a specific goal this semester, I have wanted to succeed on levels 5-10, and I have actually reached level 10 on many occasions. Level 10 is still obviously a challenge for me, but this just pushes me to continue.In time, I might even reach higher levels than this and I will strive to do so. Another goal of mine was to lose a few pounds by the time I finished this class. I believe this is a check off my list because whenever I workout now, I hardly feel any soreness on even some of the highest levels. I knew if I worked at this for an extended period of time, it would pay off and the results would be the way I wanted them. Lastly, my next goal was to get my legs into sha pe for when I play tennis in the summer. I want to have every part of my body in good form to succeed and build up more even more muscle in my calves.Mid-way through my progression in the second semester I got tested on how well I was working to attain my fitness goals. Once indoors, working on the Arc Trainer and another time, jogging outside on the track. The heart monitor proved to see if I was working out to my maximum potential and the goal for everyone was to reach a target heart rate zone from 142-162. Outdoors, I felt like it was a little tough to achieve a decent heart rate, but my average was 152 bpm. Also, my maximum heart rate was 185 and I accomplished this by steadily running at a faster speed.Both times getting tested were surprisingly not too difficult, but was definitely a challenge at one point. By doing this, I correctly positioned a strap tightly around the upper part of my body and secured the heart rate watch around my wrist. While working out these two times, I needed to have the watch in close distance to my body at all times, so I could receive an accurate heart rate. Done trying mostly all of the cardio machines, I would say my favorite is the Arch Trainer because it really gets my legs and the rest of my body moving.The Arch Trainer enables me to experiment with different levels and adjusting until I acquire the proper one that I am comfortable with. On the same note, I sense my progression in overall fitness and wellness has enhanced a lot. First getting back into the swing of things in the beginning of the semester was a bit hard, but I managed to continue where I left off from the pervious term. Nevertheless, as time went on, I was still capable of increasing my level at a steady pace. Plus, at the same time my calories that I burned increased to higher numbers and I felt amazing afterwards.I believe I should continue working out. Exercising is immense when it comes to improving and extending good health and life span. Also, a hea lthy and proper diet is essential to this progression. Working out increases your heart rate and leads to making your heart stronger as a whole. As well, your muscles in every part of your body become strengthened while doing so. Eating right and constantly working out, means becoming a healthier you and doing things you might not have been capable of doing before. I now appreciate these cardio machines and have a feel for which are best for me.Each day I try and workout to my greatest ability, no matter what program or level. When I look back on my cardio progress chart, I see what I have accomplished according to my goals that I set for myself in the beginning. I see exactly which machines I liked best, how varied the levels were on each day, the distance I went, and from that the calories I burned. I have definitely learned quite a lot when it comes to getting your body into proper condition. This fitness class taught me what it is like to be in shape and acquire the workouts I n eed to continue daily.

A Case Study on Domestic Violence Against Women

By default, women are on the same level as men—point for point, ability and talent, capacity and potential. However, the physical qualities of women often put them on a lower rung, owing to biological factors such as reproduction that make women’s bodies relatively smaller and less strong. This gap is where the concept of domestic violence operates, particularly the act committed by a man against his female partner.Many women are known to be partial to keeping domestic violence a secret, because they are usually of low self-image and are under constant depression. A battered woman is the result of domestic violence, which happens when an individual in a marriage or intimate relationship attempts to control and dominate the other (Davies, et al, 2007). On the outset, there are no perceived differences between a regular woman, and one who is a victim of domestic violence; both, specially those who engage in various social circles, always put their best foot forward, as a rule.However, the â€Å"healthy† woman remains to be a productive, functioning member of the society where she belongs, in full control of her capabilities; while the â€Å"battered† woman exhibits signs of lack of emotional control, eating disorders, and symptoms of alcohol abuse. A woman undergoing domestic violence becomes a battered woman through an escalation of three different stages: tension-building, explosion, and calm. The cycle of abuse and battery coincides with the woman’s psyche, since the last phase, also known as the honeymoon stage, positively reinforces whatever concerns she may have against her partner (Rubenstein, 2004).Hence, a specific term was coined to refer to the pattern of symptomatic behavioral and psychological qualities apparent in women part of violent relationships. Commonly, four characteristics define what is known as the â€Å"battered woman’s syndrome†: She believes she caused the violence to happen. She is incap able of crediting the violence committed to someone other than herself. She often fears for her and her children’s lives and safety. She believes that her abuser can do and see anything and everything (Walker, 1984). II. Shelters for Battered WomenFollowing the confirmation of conditions defining domestic violence and battery, women victims may seek protection in numerous battered women’s shelters across the United States. All of them are equipped with 24-hour hotlines, and commit to confidentiality. Three requirements are to be adhered to: (1) the woman must be ready and willing to leave her home to protect herself and her children from more abuse, (2) the woman should strictly follow the shelter’s confidentiality rules to ensure the safety of other resident, and (3) the woman does not require a restraining order to be accepted in the shelter (CRII, 2001-2008).III. National Coalition Against Domestic Violence Collectively, the NCADV aims to promote goals and mi ndsets in persons and communities who believe in ending cycles of violence and abuse. It declares that violence against women comes from the ambition to maintain control as well as abuse of power, and its mission is to implement rules that will ensure change to eliminate causes of violence and battery.The NCADV is made up of people who genuinely care about the plight of battered women and their families in the city and countryside, regardless of ethnicity, socio-economic class, or religion. Today, the NCADV is responsible for over 2,000 shelters for women and service programs (NCADV, 2005). References Rubenstein, Lori S. (2004). â€Å"Battered Woman’s Syndrome†. Divorce Net. website, accessed on 18 August 2008 at http://www. divorcenet. com/states/oregon/or_art02 Davies, Pat, et al. (2007). â€Å"Domestic Violence and Abuse†. Helpguide. org website,accessed on 18 August 2008 at http://www. helpguide. org/mental/domestic_violence_abuse_types_signs_causes_effects. htm National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (2005). â€Å"Mission Statement and Purpose†. NCADV website, accessed on 18 August 2008 at http://www. ncadv. org/aboutus. php Community Resources Information, Inc. (2001-2008). â€Å"What are shelters for battered women? † CRII website, accessed on 18 August 2008 at http://www. massresources. org/pages. cfm? ContentID=23&pageID=2&Subpages='yes'&SecondLevelDynamicID=761&DynamicID=469

Introduce, Discuss and Analyze the Anthrax Attacks essays

Introduce, Discuss and Analyze the Anthrax Attacks essays The anthrax attacks of Fall 2001 were especially frightening because as they continued, it became increasingly clear they originated inside the United States, and there seemed little way to stop them. They were extremely frightening not because of a huge death toll, but because they could happen anywhere, at any time, and the implications for further terrorism seemed explicit. It was the first use of biological weapons in our country, and it was a frightening wake up call to national security and American citizens that we really are not that immune to biological weapons What is anthrax' Anthrax is a disease that is spread by a one-celled organism called "Bacillus anthracis." Anthrax does not spread from one person to another, it spreads via the bacterium, and this is a deadly disease that can attack the lungs, intestines, or skin. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) classifies anthrax as a "Category A agent" because these agents are the most dangerous to people, and they can spread. The CDC reports Category A's, "pose the greatest possible threat for a bad effect on public health, may spread across a large area or need public awareness, and need a great deal of planning to protect the public's health" (CDC). Anthrax meets all of these criteria and more, as the anthrax attacks on the United States clearly indicated. The skin form of anthrax is the least deadly, while the inhaled form is the most deadly. Anthrax can be carried in animals, and humans can become infected with anthrax from animals by inhaling the bacterium or by eating meat that is not cooked enough from infected animals (CDC) - however, this is rare. Anthrax used as a weapon in terrorist attacks is much more likely. Because the symptoms of the two most serious forms of anthrax, gastrointestinal and inhaled are so much like cold and flu symptoms, it is often difficult to diagnose, and treatment must be...

The War Crimes of Iraqs Saddam Hussein

The War Crimes of Iraqs Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was born on April 28th, 1937 in al-Awja, a suburb of the Sunni city of Tikrit. After a difficult childhood, during which he was abused by his stepfather and shuffled from home to home, he joined Iraqs Baath Party at the age of 20. In 1968, he assisted his cousin, General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, in the Baathist takeover of Iraq. By the mid-1970s, he had become Iraqs unofficial leader, a role that he officially took on following al-Bakrs (highly suspicious) death in 1979. Political Oppression Hussein openly idolized the former Soviet premier Joseph Stalin, a man notable as much for his paranoia-induced execution sprees as anything else. In July 1978, Hussein had his government issue a memorandum decreeing that anyone whose ideas came into conflict with those of the Baath Party leadership would be subject to summary execution. Most, but certainly not all, of Husseins targets were ethnic Kurds and Shiite Muslims. Ethnic Cleansing: The two dominant ethnicities of Iraq have traditionally been Arabs in south and central Iraq, and Kurds in the north and northeast, particularly along the Iranian border. Hussein long viewed ethnic Kurds as a long-term threat to Iraqs survival, and the oppression and extermination of the Kurds was one of his administrations highest priorities. Religious Persecution: The Baath Party was dominated by Sunni Muslims, who made up only about one-third of Iraqs general population; the other two-thirds was made up of Shiite Muslims, Shiism also happening to be the official religion of Iran. Throughout Husseins tenure, and especially during the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), he saw the marginalization and eventual elimination of Shiism as a necessary goal in the Arabization process, by which Iraq would purge itself of all perceived Iranian influence. The Dujail Massacre of 1982: In July of 1982, several Shiite militants attempted to assassinate Saddam Hussein while he was riding through the city. Hussein responded by ordering the slaughter of some 148 residents, including dozens of children. This is the war crime with which Saddam Hussein was formally charged, and for which he was executed. The Barzani Clan Abductions of 1983: Masoud Barzani led the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), an ethnic Kurdish revolutionary group fighting Baathist oppression. After Barzani cast his lot with the Iranians in the Iran-Iraq War, Hussein had some 8,000 members of Barzanis clan, including hundreds of women and children, abducted. It is assumed that most were slaughtered; thousands have been discovered in mass graves in southern Iraq. The al-Anfal Campaign: The worst human rights abuses of Husseins tenure took place during the genocidal al-Anfal Campaign (1986-1989), in which Husseins administration called for the extermination of every living thinghuman or animalin certain regions of the Kurdish north. All told, some 182,000 peoplemen, women, and childrenwere slaughtered, many through use of chemical weapons. The Halabja poison gas massacre of 1988 alone killed over 5,000 people. Hussein later blamed the attacks on the Iranians, and the Reagan administration, which supported Iraq in the Iran-Iraq War, helped promote this cover story. The Campaign Against the Marsh Arabs: Hussein did not limit his genocide to identifiably Kurdish groups; he also targeted the predominantly Shiite Marsh Arabs of southeastern Iraq, the direct descendants of the ancient Mesopotamians. By destroying more than 95% of the regions marshes, he effectively depleted its food supply and destroyed the entire millennia-old culture, reducing the number of Marsh Arabs from 250,000 to approximately 30,000. It is unknown how much of this population drop can be attributed to direct starvation and how much to migration, but the human cost was unquestionably high. The Post-Uprising Massacres of 1991: In the aftermath of Operation Desert Storm, the United States encouraged Kurds and Shiites to rebel against Husseins regimethen withdrew and refused to support them, leaving an unknown number to be slaughtered. At one point, Husseins regime killed as many as 2,000 suspected Kurdish rebels every day. Some two million Kurds hazarded the dangerous trek through the mountains to Iran and Turkey, hundreds of thousands dying in the process. The Riddle of Saddam Hussein: Although most of Husseins large-scale atrocities took place during the 1980s and early 1990s, his tenure was also characterized by day-to-day atrocities that attracted less notice. Wartime rhetoric regarding Husseins rape rooms, death by torture, decisions to slaughter the children of political enemies, and the casual machine-gunning of peaceful protesters accurately reflected the day-to-day policies of Saddam Husseins regime. Hussein was no misunderstood despotic madman. He was a monster, a butcher, a brutal tyrant, a genocidal racist - he was all of this and more.But what this rhetoric does not reflect is that, until 1991, Saddam Hussein was allowed to commit his atrocities with the full support of the U.S. government. The specifics of the al-Anfal Campaign were no mystery to the Reagan administration, but the decision was made to support the genocidal Iraqi government over the pro-Soviet theocracy of Iran, even to the point of making ourselves complicit in crimes against humanity . A friend once told me this story: An Orthodox Jewish man was being hassled by his rabbi for violating kosher law, but had never been caught in the act. One day, he was sitting inside a deli. His rabbi had pulled up outside, and through the window he observed the man eating a ham sandwich. The next time they saw each other, the rabbi pointed this out. The man asked: You watched me the whole time? The rabbi answered: Yes. The man responded: Well, then, I was observing kosher, because I acted under rabbinical supervision.Saddam Hussein was unquestionably one of the most brutal dictators of the 20th century. History cannot even begin to record the full scale of his atrocities and the effect they had on those affected and the families of those affected. But his most horrific acts, including the al-Anfal genocide, were committed in full view of our government - the government that we present to the world as a shining beacon of human rights.Make no mistake: The ouster of Saddam Hussein was a victory for human rights, and if there is any silver lining to come from the brutal Iraq War, it is that Hussein is no longer slaughtering and torturing his own people. But we should fully recognize that every indictment, every epithet, every moral condemnation we issue against Saddam Hussein also indicts us. We should all be ashamed of the atrocities that were committed under our leaders noses, and with our leaders blessing.

Latin American Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Latin American Civilization - Essay Example The staple corn can be pounded into tortillas, taco shells or any desired shape. Beans, rice, and squash also serve as dietary staples. Avocado dip and other moles, or sauces, are popular for dipping tortilla chips. Tequila, in all its various grades, is an internationally popular drink and Cinco de Mayo festivals are becoming prominent fixtures in Mexican restaurants the world over. The Virgin of Guadalupe, whose main house of worship is the Basilica of Guadalupe, serves the Mexican people on multiple layers. Her repeated appearances in 1531 to Juan Diego led to the consecration of the holy mother and her eventual title of Patroness of the Americas conferred upon her by Pope John Paul II. She is a savior particularly to women, but serves all those in need. In 1810, rebels called upon her guardianship in their battle again Spanish colonists. She has long been considered an integral symbol of Mexican religious, national, and political identity. The fiery painter, Frida Khalo (1907-1954), lived a short but brilliant life. When a teenager, she survived a harrowing bus accident that left her with internal damage and chronic pain. However, Frida’s unique painting fused events from her life with indigenous earth mother imagery. The painting at right, titled The Love Embrace of the Universe,the Earth (Mexico), Me, Diego, Mr. Xolotl, depicts such a concept showing a green clay goddess enveloping Frida, wearing a long traditional red skirt with a white fringe, holding a babe-like Rivera. This magical world rests in the penumbras between light and dark in the transformative cycle of birth and death. Chile’s national flag expresses deep historical significance. The star in the blue sky acts as a shining beacon to guide her people in honorable progress. The white represents the snow-capped Andes while the red represents the blood of the martyrs in the