Inventory Management of Nepalese Public Enterprises

Inventory Management of Nepalese Public Enterprises CHAPTER-2 Review of Literature There are many researches made in inventory Management of Nepalese Public enterprises and Private enterprises. Most of them has made on the manufacturing enterprises. In this chapter attempts has been made to present the review of literature regarding inventory management. 2.1 Conceptual Framework Inventory Management The writer (Saxena, 2009, p. 2) defines inventory as any kind of idol resource that has potential economic value considered as locked up capital. Inventory is a list of goods and materials which is available in stock by business (Saxena, 2009). Other write (Li, 2007, p. 175) defines inventory as the stock of any items or resources used in an organization. Stock consists of all goods and materials that are stored by an organization which is kept for future use (Waters, 2003). According to (Roy, 2005, p. 100) inventory is list of goods or items. Inventory management is the active control program which allows the management of sales, purchases and payments (Inventorymanagement). The author (Saxena, 2009, p. 2) refers inventory management as a process of managing raw materials, semi-finished products and finished-products by a firm. The inventory management is a set of the process and policies that determines what inventory level should be maintained, what stock should be replenished and how large order should be (Li, 2007, p. 175). According to (Toomey, 2003, p. 1) inventory management is a branch of business management which concerned in planning and controlling inventories. Effective stock management means providing the desired stock service level or maximizing your profit while at the same time keeping your total stock costs as low as possible by; Selecting products that initially sell, well and discontinuing those that stop selling. Purchasing the right quantity (how much to buy) Purchasing at the right time (when to buy) Keeping your total inventory investment in balance with the expected levels of sales To control costs and improve profit, it is necessary to actively manage every asset we own. And it is particularly true of the management of goods and material we buy and keep on land either far our own use or for resale. The goal of inventory management is to increase profit on inventory while increasing customer services (Frazelle, 2002, p. 91) The dictionary meaning of inventory is stock of goods or a list of goods. Various authors define the word inventory in their ways. In accounting language may mean stock of finished goods. In a manufacturing concern, it may include raw materials, work in process and stores. To understand the exact meaning of inventory the word inventory we may study it form the usage side and from the point of entry in the operation Among the different aspects of management, inventory management is also one of the major factors to play significant role in management of material , part supplies, expenses tools , working process, finished products and then record on the books and maintenance of store rooms, warehouses by an organization is known as inventory management . 2.2 Nature of Inventory The company holds different kinds of inventories to obtain their goals (Waters, 2003). Basically we can divide inventory into three parts which are following, Raw material Work in progress Finished goods (Toomey, 2003, pp. 20-21) Raw Material The stocks or inventories and purchase parts which is not part of manufacturing process is called raw material (Toomey, 2003). Raw materials are those basic inputs that have to be gone through the different process to convert into finished goods. Raw materials inventories are such kind of inventories which have been purchased and stored for future manufacturing process. Raw materials are hold in store by manufacturing company to smooth running of production process. The author defines raw material as those kinds of stocks which is imported from suppliers and are store until needed for manufacture (Waters, 2003, p. 9). Work in progress Work in progress refers to inventory units that are currently being worked on (Waters, 2003, p. 9). Work in progress inventories are neither a finished product nor raw materials. It is middle of raw materials and finished product. The author (Toomey, 2003, pp. 20-21) defines work in progress (WIP) inventories are those kinds of inventories which are in different phase of completion throughout the manufacturing process. It is very difficult to separate which materials are WIP and which are not. Because the same materials may be a raw material in one industry and same material may be a WIP as well as finished goods in other industry. It depends upon nature of production. Finished goods The finished goods inventory represents products that are ready for sale. According to (Toomey, 2003, pp. 20-21) finished goods are those items which are awaiting shipment to customers. Finished goods inventories includes all the completed products which going to be sold (Muller, 2003, pp. 19-20).These are goods fully manufactured inspected and ready for dispatch to a customer. In manufacturing firm, these are the final output of the production process. Stocks of finished goods are held by manufacturing and non-manufacturing company for market operation. 2.3 Purpose of inventory Inventory is the most important to all manufacturing organization in todays industrial world and it plays vital role to exist the company. So it is necessary to manage it properly because both situations of inventories either excessive or inadequate are not acceptable to the firm. There are two larger points within which the firm should operate. The objective of inventory management should be to determine and maintain optimum level of inventory investment. The optimum level of inventory will lie between two danger points of excessive and inadequate inventories. According to (Wild, 2002, p. 7) the propose of the inventory management function in supporting in the business activities is to optimize the three sectors customer services, inventory cost and operating cost. The author refers about purpose of inventory like this the inventory is created when supply excesses the demand. The main purpose of holding the inventory in the company is to prevent from shortage of raw materials, expected demand, to gain more profit (Li, 2007, p. 176). Firm should always aware from over investment or under-investment in the inventories. Over investment and under investment in inventory is unhealthy for the company. Due to over investment into inventory, makes unnecessary tie-up and the amount which we cant invest in other purpose, increasing carrying costs, risk of liquidity. Excessive carrying costs will directly effect in the company profit. Due to over inventories; it may not be possible to sell them in time and at full value. Similarity, WIP is far more difficult to sell because as we said before WIP is not finished goods. In the same way finished goods inventory should sold at low prices due to fall in the price in market and the seasonal factors. So, more investment in inventories is harmful to producer/company. It should be cut down. Similarly, under investment in inventories also not good for company. It carries some problems such as production hold-ups, frequent production interruptions. If finished goods are not sufficient, we do not meet the customers demand and our goodwill also loss. Thus, the objectives of inventory management should be neither excessive nor inadequate level of inventories but maintaining sufficient inventory level for the smooth production and sales operations. An optimum level of inventory should be determined on the basis of the trade-off between costs and benefits. The various importance of inventory management can be summarized up as follows: Predictability Unreliability of supply Price protection Lower ordering cost Anticipated demand 2.7 Procedure of Inventory Management These are lot of function have to be done For the achievement of its objectives business performs a wide variety of function, namely production, marketing, personnel, office research and development of these production and marketing are basic operating functions in a typical business enterprise. Marketing is concerned with the demand side of goods and services, while production is concerned with the supply side. One cannot exist without other; however, decisions about the production activities constitute one of the most important functions of the top management. Production is concerned with the provision of goods and services for the satisfaction of the customer wants. Therefore the consumer depends upon the good economical and efficient production system good inventory management there should be used different activities in ought procedure or manner. General activities such as purchasing, receiving, store-keeping and issuing and pricing are the procedure of inventory management. The y are described as follows: 2.7.1 Purchasing Purchasing is the fulcrum when it comes to meeting customer demands (Johnson, 2010) . Purchasing is the most important function of inventory management to select the suppliers, because it brings significant saving for the organization (Elanchezhian, et al 2010). All organization need various kinds of input like goods and services form external suppliers. The writers ( Baily, Farmer, Jessop, jones, 2005, pp. 3-4) define purchasing as to acquire right quantity of material, at the right time, in the right quantity, from the right source, at the right price. In simple words purchasing is relate to going the open market finding the require materials at the lowest price and selecting the supplier who offers it at that price having the quality of the materials in minds. In fact the process of inventory management begins with purchasing .The need for particular materials initiates purchasing in a firm. A good purchasing management has played important role in the manufacturing companies. We should pay more attention in the purchasing raw materials, supplies in the right quantity of the right quality from the right origin at the right time and cost. The production is hampered the scarcity of raw materials on time, purchasing department should take grater responsibilities and should analysis the existing procurement policy and should tune with the overall organizational objectives and policies. We can improve management of purchase by the help of standardization, value analysis, material substitution, transportation saving and cost reduction of packing modification. There are the following functions of a purchase department. How to purchase? Where to purchase? How much to purchase? At what price to purchase? To perform there function effectively, the purchase department follows the following procedures Receiving purchase requisition Exploring the sources of supply and choosing of suppliers Preparation and execution of purchase order. Receiving and inspecting materials. Checking and issuing of bills for payment.  [3]   The objectives of purchase department is to arrange the supply of materials, spare parts and services or semi-finished goods required for desired production .Walters observes purchasing functions as ‘The Procurement and Purchase of the proper materials, machinery, equipment and supplies for stores used in the manufacturing of a product adopted to marketing in the proper quality at the proper time and at the lowest price constant with desired. Purchasing now become a specialized function in many organization wasting expenses that Purchasing is a managerial activity that goes beyond the simple act of buying and includes the planning and policy, objectives covering wide range of related and complimentary included in such activities are the research and development required for the proper selection of materials and sources from which these materials may be brought.  [4]   In the words of matter industrial purchasing is The procurement by purchase of Alfred and Beauty .Principles of industrial the proper adopted to marketing in the proper quantity and quality at the proper time and at the lowest price consistently with the quality desired A Purchasing means a policy well planned, Procedures free from much formalities and development of up to date methods and techniques of higher standard to reveal efficiency and economy.  [5]   2.7.2 Receipt and Store Keeping After sometimes of placing the order, flow-up process starts to get quick delivery of the items. The items are received by the purchasing department at the time of delivery and received items are compared with purchase order and actual materials received should be entered in goods received note. Then all items received by the purchasing department should be passed into store for protection against deterioration and pilferage. They are stored in such a way that their location is easily identified at the time of issue The store function involves both keeping the store of materials and keeping the store records, the former being physical task and the later being accounting task depending upon the nature and requirements of the organizations the stores are classified as centralized and decentralized store.  [6]   In the words of Maynard, the duties of store keeping are to receive materials to protect than while in storage from damage and unauthorized removal to issue the materials in the right quantity at the right time , to the right place and to provide these services promptly and at least costs. Good store keeping should help achieve location identification, receipt and issue without delay. Storage space should be economically utilized and materials should be protected against deterioration, fine theft, details of quantities should be available on request. General code numbers are assigned to materials for easy identification. Materials may be stored in bin, rack, drawer, tray, boxes or floor area.  [7]   Store keeping in the activity of receiving or distributing stores or supplies, stores included direct raw materials, indirect materials (supplies) and finished goods  [8]   Generally the physical stock available in the store after counting, weighting , measuring , listing as the case may be is properly recorded by only of the following methods. 2.7.3 Issued and Pricing Materials are kept in stores so that the storekeeper may issue them whenever these are required by the production departments. Materials should be issued on receipt of materials requisition of Bill of materials under proper authority to avoid the misappropriation of materials.  [9]   Materials issued from the stores are debited to the jobs or work orders which received them and credited to the materials account. These jobs are debited with the value of material issued to them.  [10]   Each item inside the inventory has some value associated with it. This value depends on the price duration of the item inside the inventory, procurement cost, storage cost etc. Generally the time of purchase and time of issue of any items are different and the market prices of the items also vary with time. Thus, for costing purposes, the problems of pricing at the time of issue are great signification.  [11]   2.7.4 Cost Basis for Inventory Valuation The primary basis of accounting for inventory is cost which has been defined generally as the price paid to considerate given to acquire an asset. As applied to inventories, cost means in principal the sum of the applicable expenditure and changes directly or indirectly incurred in bringing an article to its existing condition and location.  [12]   Conceptually the process of valuation the inventory is simple. We can calculate inventory value that multiplying physical quantity of goods by cost per unit. But in practice, many organizations purchase different types of raw materials at different price and different time. Price of materials changes time to time. There are many types of raw materials remain in the stock. It is not always possible to identify the individual particular purchase group. At the solution firms have faced difficulties in valuation the inventories. In this situation there are many methods which are based on historical cost used in determining the value of inventory are: a. First In First Out Method Under the First In First Out method the units are assumed to have been disposed of in the order in which they were acquired and the units remaining are assumed to be those which were acquired last. This assumption is realistic in that good merchandising requires that older stock be moved to the front and new purchases placed in back of the bin. Consequently the oldest merchandise in sold first, because sales orders are filled from the front of the bins. The last merchandise purchased remains in the inventory.  [13]   b. Last In First Out Method Under this method, the cost of goods sold consists of the cost of the most recently acquired goods, and the ending inventory consists of the cost of the oldest goods which were available for sale during the period.  [14]   This method does not conform to the physical flow of the units of goods but is nevertheless widely used. In periods of steadily rising prices, the inventory value will be at the lower cost of the earliest units acquired. The value of the inventory on the statement of financial position is a conservative one. In the statement of income the cost of goods sold is higher, and when costs increase net income is lower resulting in lower income taxes of course, in periods of falling prices, the results will be opposite, the cost of good sold will be lower and net income will be higher. Under LIFO method, whether costs are rising or falling, the net income over a series of years shows less variation.  [15]  . c. Specific Price or Identification Method Under this method, materials issued to production are priced at their purchase prices. The basic assumption in following this method is that materials in the stores are capable of being identified as belonging to specific lots. Identification can be made by placing some distinguishing mark usually price tag on every lot. When materials are issued, price tags are removed and forwarded to the costing department for ascertaining the material cost of production. This method is simple in its mechanism and operation. This method does not create accounting complications as are associated with the working of FIFO, LIFO and average methods. But this method is useful where job costing is in operation and the actual material issued can be identified. It is also suited to the needs of a small business enterprise when a small number of items of materials are purchased and stored which can be easily identified.  [16]   d. Base Stock Method Each concern always maintains a minimum quantity of material in stock. This minimum quantity is known as safety or base stock and this should be used only when an emergency arises. The base stock is created out of the first lot the material purchased and, therefore, it is always valued at the cost price of the first lot and is carried forward as a fixed asset. This method works with some other method and is generally used with FIFO or LIFO method. Any quantity over and above the base stock is issued in accordance with the other method which is used in conjunction with this method. The objective of this method is to issue the material according to the current prices. This objective will be achieved only when the LIFO method is used together with the Base Stock method.  [17]   2.8 Cost Associated with Inventory There are many cost associated with the size of inventory directly either advocating to decrease the inventory size or suggesting an increase in the inventory size, for an effective inventory analysis and control of the system one should have clear picture about the behavior of cost associated with different factors. Different kinds of costs associated with inventory management are explained below. a. Carrying cost Carrying cost per period, c, represent the cost of inventory storage, handling and insurance, together with the required rate of return on the investment in inventory. These costs are assumed to be constant per unit of inventory per unit of time.  [18]  Cost incurred for maintaining a given level of inventory are called carrying cost. Carrying cost means storing cost. It starts when raw-materials are placed in warehouse and it continuous until finished goods have not produced except production cost. When we carry raw- materials to production spot and there make final product and that final product we carry into stock. In course of carrying to production spot and returned back to warehouse may labor, handling cost, this cost is also included in carrying costs. However the size of inventory increases, the carrying cost also increases. The carrying costs and the inventory size are positively related and move in the same direction. Carrying cost is the first category of inventory management cost which is generally associated proportionally with the average value of inventory.  [19]   Total carrying cost vary in proportion to the value of inventory usually they are computed from the following formula. Total carrying cost = Average inventory * carrying cost per unit Symbolically TCC = Q/2 *C Where, Q = Quantity order size b. Ordering cost Ordering cost represent all of the cost of placing and receiving an order. When a firm is ordering from an external source, these include the costs of preparing the purchase requisition, expediting the order (long-distance calls and follow-up letters), receiving and inspecting the shipment and handling charge. In practice, the cost per order generally contains both fixed and variable components, since a portion of the cost- such as that of receiving and inspecting the order- normally varies with the quantity ordered. Ordering cost may different in the sense of inventories nature. Such as for Raw-materials- ordering cost involves the clerical cost in placing an order as well as certain costs of receiving and checking the goods once they arrive. For finished goods- ordering cost involves scheduling a production run. And for work-in-progress- ordering costs are likely to involve nothing more than record keeping. Ordering cost : the fixed expense in the preparation and execution of an order for goods.  [20]   Ordering cost increase in proportion to the number of orders placed. Thus more frequently the inventor is acquired, higher the firms ordering costs. On the other hand ordering costs decrease with increasing size of inventory. Generally ordering costs involves: Cost of placing an order Requisitioning cost Transportation/shipping cost Receiving, inspecting and storing costs Sales tax, Customs, etc Clearing and forwarding costs Insurance of raw-materials Stationary cost Bank commission/ L.C. charges Telephone/Fax/Postage expense to follow up Cost incurred when raw-materials in transit Firms usually offer discount for purchase materials in large quantity. Such discount helps reduction in the unit price of the items purchases, such facilities encourage buyers to place a fewer orders rather than placing small once Ordering cost is calculated by following formula Ordering cost = Annual Requirement/Quantity order size *Ordering cost per unit Symbolically, TOC = A/Q x O 2.9 Inventory Systems The inventory accounting system can be Periodic System or continuous system. 2.10 Inventory Management Models Push and Pull Models: Inventory management models can be classified either push or pull models: a. Push Inventory Models Push models schedule orders for production or order good in advance or customer demand. Manufactures push the finished products through the distribution channel to intermediaries and the final consumer. Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), Material Requirement Planning (MRPI), Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRIP II) and distribution requirement planning (DRP) are all push models. i. Economic order quantity (EOQ) In an ideal environment, forecasting demand would be easy and straight forward. Simply look at past demand patterns to predict future consumption. Under these conditions, EOQ model can be used to calculate when to order the item and how much to order. The basic EOQ equation is as follows EOQ = √2PD/CV Where, P=Cost of placing one order in rupees D = Annual demand for the product C = Annual inventory carrying cost expresses as a percentage of products cost of value. V = Average cost or value of one unit of inventory ii. Material Requirement Planning (MRPI) MRPI is a computer- based management information system designed to manage dependent demand inventory items in the transformation process of operations management. This computerized inventory system was developed in the 1960s to deal primarily with the timing the tedious record keeping of dependent demand inventory transactions. Many researchers believe that MRP systems historically have made a fundamental software development contribution that has helped cause computer-based system to integrate and therefore aid in the development of computer- integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems.  [21]   One of the most common dependent demand inventory system used in the United States is the managerial requirement planning (MRP) system.  [22]  It supports the planning and control of dependent demand inventory and is most popular in U.S organizations that have substantial dependent demand inventory to manage. It includes any products that are made from dependent demand inventory items such has components or raw materials. MRP processes information for production scheduling and capacity planning as well. As an inventory management system, MRP can be used to plan inventory needs over a fixed planning horizon. Although MRP can plan inventory requirement for a period of from a single day to several years, the information the program generator is usually based on weekly intervals. In MRP terminology, the weekly (or other time period chosen) are referred to as time buckets. One of the primary objectives of an MRP system is provide an adequate supply of dependent demand inventory when required fro production. MRP also seeks to provide useful inventory, production scheduling, and capacity planning information for inventory control proposes. There are two types of MRP systems: Regenerative System: This is a periodic data input system. Under this system, changes in input data are saved until a specific time, such as the end of a week or end of a month. Changes are then run on a group of batch basis. Net-change System This is a continuous data input system. Under this system, changes are immediately entered into the computer. New MRP planning information is then recomputed for all of the elements in the inventory system that are affected by the changes. iii. Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP II) System The basis MRP system simply handles the materials aspects of production/ operations control. No real account is taken of capacity implications Therefore one more sophisticated system developed in Manufacturing resources planning (MRPII) system  [24]  In addition to producing the detailed material plan, the system can produce detailed capacity plans provided it has the necessary job-routing data and so on. The implementation of these plans allows shop-floor and purchase control to be carried out. MRP II is essentially a computer system. It has been suggested by Oliver Wight that MRP/ MRP II implementations can be classified on a four- point scale, from A to D. Table no . Briefly describes these states. Class Characteristics D MRP working in data-processing department only Poor inventory records Master schedule mismanaged Reliance on shortage lists for progressing C Used for inventory ordering, not scheduling Scheduling by shortage lists Overloaded master schedule B System includes capacity planning, shop-floor control Used to plan production, not manage the business Helps still needed from shortage lists Inventory higher than necessary A Uses closed-loop MRP Integrates capacity planning, shop-floor control, vendor scheduling Used to plan sales, engineering, purchasing No shortage lists to over-ride schedules Most organization implementing MRP/ MRP II are on the path from class D status to class A status. A difficult faced is knowing, in a quantitative sense, where on the path the organization is, and what steps to take to effect improvements. iv. Distribution Requirement Planning (DRP) DRP applies MRP II principles to the flow of finished goods to field warehouses and customers. Although MRP II improved MRP by taking into account both material management and production scheduling. It failed to account for this out bound movement. DRP adjusts ordering patterns of inventory needs vary, responds more readily to system wide inventory needs and better deals with product availability and receipt timing. b. Pull Inventory Model Pull inventory models are based on making goods once customer demand is known . The product is pulled through the channel of distribution by the order. Recent trends suggest a movement to use pull inventory models to reduce inventory throughout the channels. JIT and KanBan are the must widely used pull inventory models. i. KanBan Pull Model The KanBan Mean visual record and is the production control system the uses JIT production system, allowing production with smaller inventories, KanBan is also referred to as card system, a single card KanBan and two card KanBan system. ii. Single Card KanBan The single card kanban system uses only a conveyance (move) kanban and no production kanban. The single card kanban is must common used in Japan.  [25]   iii. Two card KanBan Inventroy is usually controlled at low levels by using a manual two card KanBan system. One card is conveyance KanBan, the requisition and authorization of transferenceof materials form supply center to work center. A second card the production KanBan, authorizes the production of materials. 2

Women in the Classical Era

Stephen Spradling Oct 22-Dec 15 The Rights of Women In the Classical era China, India, and Rome all had different views on women’s roles in society. Each society placed them as second class citizens but as you read in each document in â€Å"Considering the Evidence† they are each treated a little better. At the bottom is the Chinese culture, they treat their women as objects, as things you should own such as servants. The Indians are who the text explains next.They treat their women a little better; the women are not anywhere treated as equals but had the option of going off on their own and being priestess or beggars. The last of the documents are the Roman culture. The Roman women are not equal either but they are the closest to it. In public they are not to question men but they rule the house at home. In the document on the Romans they protest in the street the law against having jewelry because of the needs of the Empire to fund the war. â€Å"How sad it is to be a woman! Nothing on earth is held so cheap.Boys stand leaning at the door Like Gods fallen out of Heaven. †( Fu Xuan, 263) The Chinese culture held women in the lowest regards while placing all men above the. But in the text â€Å"A Chinese Woman’s Instructions to Her Daughters† Ban Zhao was able to have a life of her own without a husband. She was married had children, but then widowed. Even through this she was able to be successful, and become and author to help other women. â€Å"Ban Zhao had a significant career as a court historian and as an adviser to the empress- dowager ( the widow of a deceased emperor).Her most famous work, Lessons for Women, was an effort to apply the principles of Confucianism to the lives and behavior of women. † (Waley, 264) Ban Zhao was the few exceptions to this most women were expected to do choirs and housework without complaint and complete obedience. â€Å" Let a woman retire late to bed, but rise early to duties; let her nor dread tasks by day or by night. . . . When a woman follows such rules as these, then she may be said to be industrious. † â€Å"unquestionably the daughter- in- law obeys. †(Ban, 264) The life of a Chinese woman was very hard and one of unsung hardship.Around this this same time there was a women in India were subject to very similar social standings. The could not do anything without and man and were subject to man’s rule. In An Alternative to Patriarchy in India it states the limited power of women. â€Å"In childhood a female must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, when her lord is dead to her sons; a woman must never be independent. †(Psalms of the Early Buddhists, translated by Mrs. Rhys Davids, 266) The only way around such treatment was to be a Buddhist nun or a street beggar.Even though women in the Chinese cultural do not complain the Indian women did. They wrote poems about their hardships. â€Å"Me stained and squalid à ¢â‚¬â„¢ mong my cooking- pots My brutal husband ranked as even less Than the sunshades he sits and weaves alway. †( Psalms of the Early Buddhists, translated by Mrs. Rhys Davids,267) The three lives that these women could live is under control of a man, as a nun or as a street walker. The last choice of a street walker may sound like a horrible choice but it is the only way for these women to be free. To- day with shaven head, wrapt in my robe, I go forth on my daily round for food; . . . Now all the evil bonds that fetter gods And men are wholly rent and cut away. . . . Calm and content I know Nibbana’s Peace. † . †( Psalms of the Early Buddhists, translated by Mrs. Rhys Davids,267) The women of the highest standing were the women of Rome. They could go out in public without men, even talk to other men, even though this was frowned upon. â€Å"Had not respect for the dignity and modesty of cer-tain ones ( not them all! restrained me. . . . I should have sa id,‘ What kind of behavior is this? Running around in public, blocking streets, and speaking to other women’s husbands! Could you not have asked your own husbands the same thing at home? Are you more charming in public with others’ husbands than at home with your own? And yet, it is not fit-ting even at home†¦ for you to concern yourselves with what laws are passed or repealed here. †(Livy, 269) This tells us that women were able to go out in public, socialize, and even gossip.This document shows that though not in public these woman have somewhat of a voice in the home. These women have gone so far as to protest in the streets to get their right to buy jewelry back. â€Å" even now let them snatch at the government and meddle in the Forum and our assemblies. What are they doing now on the streets and crossroads, if they are not persuading the tribunes to vote for repeal? †(Livy, 269) These women have had the freedom to protest in the street ove r JEWLERY! These women are truly treated the best out of the cultures of this time.

Key Pieces of Essay Topics on Diversity

Key Pieces of Essay Topics on Diversity There's a small danger that she is going to find a reader who will not accept the Goth'' culture Carrie describes, but most readers will adore the manner Carrie approaches her topic in addition to her straight-shooting style. These types of stories will encourage your students to consider their beliefs and examine the world in a different way. You are able to deliver tell the reader on the manner in which you apprehend diversity for your own personal words. In addition, the reader is probably going to be pleased with the manner that Carrie imagines her audience's reaction. In view of globalization, outsourcing companies have been required to locate a cost-effective method to communicate. Instead, you might write about a tough experience you had and the way that it shaped you. Below there are scores and scores of topics to select from ranging from accounting, management, international organization, business law and a lot more. To acqui re support from administration you have to directly link diversity to the company. Second, experiences ought to be supplied to attain this outcome. There is a considerable foundation of wisdom and expertise related to understanding the consequences of diversity in organizations. In the event the training isn't pertinent to the requirements of the workforce, more damage than good may occur. Play games to elevate awareness of different bodily disabilities. Life After Essay Topics on Diversity Therefore, if you're planning to eventually apply to graduate school, bear in mind that you could have to write still another diversity statement! Obviously, it's true that lots of faculty members overtly reject campus efforts to increase diversity and equity. More than just a training plan, diversity has to be woven into the fabric of the organization. Consider students who would like to major English literary. Facts, Fiction and Essay Topics on Diversity What's more, one needs to b e competent in writing to create coherent and cohesive text. Starting your essays early is critical because senior year will be exceedingly busy. This is only to demonstrate a point. Naturally, these 3 topics aren't exhaustive, but might be an excellent place to begin. No country can survive by itself. People hailing from various cultures, ethnicity, race, country or religion needs to be regarded as as a portion of the 1 society' only. Acknowledgement that they come from different traditions, possessing various points of views and personal experiences, consequently need to celebrate each person distinctiveness. Write a brief story about a world free of diversity. Children learn how to celebrate differences and learn to work together to be prosperous. Education is essential for a person. How to Find Essay Topics on Diversity Online Therefore a diverse student body comprising distinct races, family backgrounds, and beliefs brings a broader viewpoint and perspective assist s in the educational procedure. To continue to keep our society's diversity, students should not be impacted by their upcoming possibility to acquire work. Cultural diversity is something related to the dynamics of the associative practice. Assuming that diversity on a campus is merely caused by affirmative action or special pleading reveals a different sort of bias. All About Essay Topics on Diversity A number of the proponent of uniform curriculum may say that there's the least quantity of knowledge for high school graduates like democratic mindset, critical reasoning and so forth. As a teacher it's important to be certain the classroom atmosphere is comfortable so as to guarantee productivity. Also, there are several different professional courses and courses on demand, where everyone can increase the amount of education and acquire valuable knowledge and abilities in a specific field. As an example, I'm a motivator. Absolutely free Diversity essay samples are offered on FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. Exclusively by understanding what the ultimate aim is can you've got a possibility of reaching it. Though such broad change should begin at the top, it also has to be embraced and carried out at all levels. Use the purchase calculator below and begin! The essay does not have any grammatical errors, and a few of the short, punchy phrases reveal a high degree of rhetorical sophistication. Inside this tutorial, you've learned about a few of the crucial diversity issues and topics to be mindful of in the workplace at this time. Alongside the topics, you'd discover loads of papers at no cost. The author of this article does an excellent job of exploring the current condition of diversity at work, and also discussing how this issue will be handled in the not too distant future.

Difference between the Physical, Emotional, Social, and Mental States of a Man and a Woman - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 838 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Gender Roles Essay Did you like this example? A male is seen as dominant, strong, aggressive, and impulsive. The person in the relationship that does all the hard work and makes the important decisions. A woman is seen as submissive, weak, passive, and motherly. The stay-at-home partner to careen her children and support her husband lovingly, no questions asked. Women in our society are disparaged, underestimated, and questioned more than the male sexual orientation. A lady today has less access to fundamental and advanced education, they have more safety and health risks, and less political portrayal. It is a fact that women in our society have less access to higher-level education than men do. In the article, Girls Education, it is an observation that in third world countries, the girls in the family are usually required for household chores, water hauling, and tending to children (The World Bank). These everyday chores limit the ability and time for schooling. It is the mans job in the household to have the paying job, hold the political power, and be the domineering voice. This also gives the male many opportunities to physically, and even violently, control their spouse at times. It is also said in the same article by The World Bank that poor families that cannot afford schooling prices for every child will prioritize education for their sons (Girls Education). This is important because it shows families that are considered poor would assure education for their male children only. However, there have been recent studies that say an educated female will be more likely to put of f marriage, have less children, pay for any school preparation costs themselves, have healthier kids, and more likely to initiate in political processes than a man is (The World Bank). Being more educated would allow women to raise astute children and advise the husband more in everyday choices and decisions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Difference between the Physical, Emotional, Social, and Mental States of a Man and a Woman" essay for you Create order In addition to less education, women also have more health and safety risks than a man in modern times. As reported by Rhitu Chatterjee in her article from the National Public Radio, more than 81 percent of women in the workplace have been victims of sexual harassment, 51% of that including being touched without consent. More than 66% of these women that admitted to the harassment also admitted that they were hassled in public areas (Chatterjee, Rhitu, NPR). Male harassment in the workplace stands at 34%, and only 17% from unwanted touching (Chatterjee, Rhitu, NPR). These numbers pale in comparison to that of females, considering that at least four out of five women will be harassed sexually at least once in their career. Sexual harassment is unacceptable and despicable for anyone to go through. It unsettles the workplaces safety, trust, and reliability of the entire team. Similarly, accompanying the safety risks of a workplace, women also suffer from gender bias when it comes to their health and medicinal equality. An article written by Vera Regitz-Zagrosek on the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, claims that gender medicine must consider the needs of both sexes. She points out that medicine cannot be a one-size fits all practice, but a gender-specific healthcare. This is essential because men and women are different in their physical and mental being. They will report symptoms differently, react differently, and must even be treated with drugs differently (Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera). Biological aspects in the female and male body include differences such as reproductive function, concentrations of sexual hormones, the expression of genes on X and Y chromosomes and their effects and the higher percentage of body fat in women (Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera). This will alter how certain parts of a gender-specific body will need to be ta ken care of and diagnosed as opposed to having one listed response. Lastly, women are insufficiently represented when it comes to their ability to have political portrayal and power. Women are limited to their acceptance in executive positions, and even if they are allowed executive power, they stick women with civil discussions that stereotype women including water, infrastructure, sanitation, roads, education and health (Political Empowerment. Harvard University). Even though women have the right to partake in politics in ways a man does, such as voting and running for office, the actual number of women parliamentarians is only 21% worldwide (Harvard University). Women make up at least 51% of the population, and only own 1% of the worlds wealth (The World Bank). Thus, leaving men with 79%, 49%, and 99% respectively. Even if an education is attained, and a woman secures a high paying job, it will be 20% lower than mens, says the World Bank, in their article Girls Education. Meaning, that men are paid more in all careers, not in one specific area. I f there were more female political representation, girls would be more likely to speak out against assault, participate in politics, and even involve themselves in education more rather than house work (Harvard University). There would be more cooperation from females in needed areas like politics. This could retain the support of half the country and unite everyone as a team instead of having a power struggle of men vs. women.

Nathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown Essay - 1274 Words

In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† the devil says, â€Å"Evil is the nature of mankind† (â€Å"Young† 627). Since Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit and attempted to hide conceal their sin from God, humans have tried to hide their sin from others. Although everyone sin is human nature, everyone has a different reaction to sin. While some acknowledge sin, others ignore it. In Hawthorne’s other short story, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† Father Hooper wears a black veil to represent the sin he commits every day. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† however, the villagers hide their devil-worshipping in the forest. Through â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Hawthorne exemplifies evil’s hidden and human nature and its effect on a person. In â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† Father Hooper arrives in town wearing a black crape veil. The town repe atedly voices their disdain for the veil and question why the minister would wear it. That day, Hooper preaches on hidden sin. Although Hooper is only preaching, the congregation becomes uncomfortable with the topic and Hooper’s black veil; â€Å"each member (†¦) [feels] as if the preacher [creeps] upon them, behind his awful veil, and discover[s] their hoarded iniquity of deed or thought† (â€Å"Minister’s† 638). Later, the veil continues to be an object of discomfort to Hooper and those around him. Hooper, still wearing the veil, attends a funeral, and a rumor is started that the corpse shudders when the minister’s face is exposed toShow MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1543 Words   |  7 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will break down the techni ques that the author uses to critique the puritan society and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting thanRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1065 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes to the topic of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown, most of us will readily agree that duplicity is a major theme in the piece, or the idea of different versions of reality. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of whether Hawthorne is implying that man is inherently evil. Whereas some are convinced that Young Goodman Brown was good until tainted by the Devil, others maintain that he was evil from the beginning and was completely aware of the evil heRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown905 Words   |  4 PagesThough Nathaniel Hawthorne is an author of many great works, his short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† still stays relevant because it has themes and subjects that are relatable in today s world. In the story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Good man Brown leaves his wife Faith, to go into the woods near Salem to have a meeting with the devil. Appearance vs. reality is shown in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† through the plot, the character of Goody Cloyse, and the symbol of the maple staff. The characterRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1312 Words   |  6 PagesWithin Nathaniel Hawthorne s short story Young Goodman Brown (p.317), Young Goodman Brown travels through a dark and mysterious forest late at night. Ignoring the pleas of his pure wife Faith, he ventures deep into the woods with many dangers around him, only to emerge in the morning a changed man with bewildered views on his own Puritan life and the Puritan community around him. At the cause for this change in mindset, the dream of an old man symbolizing the devil appears, showing him the communityRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story that is filled with symbols and mystery. Nathaniel Hawthorne provides plenty forms of symbolism for readers to digest. Hawthorne displays strong faith as the greatest virtue for a man or woman, and when the faith is compromised, one can be filled with skepticism and uncertainty towards the rest of the world. The story begins as a conventional allegory, creating the expectation that the characters will be able to consistently display the abstractions they symbolizeRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1695 Words   |  7 Pagesstory, Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne is set in Puritan New England. Hawthorne uses symbolism, description, scenery, and Goodman’s journey to illustrate and symbolize the battle of good versus evil. In the first scene, we see how Young Goodman Brown leaves his wife, Faith, to start on his â€Å"evil† journey through the woods. Though Faith asks him to stay with her, he chooses to continue on even though he knows the evilness lies ahead. As the story continues, we see how Hawthorne uses FaithRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1492 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man’s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will breakdown the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society, and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting than NathanielRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown2532 Words   |  11 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† demonstrates how Goodman Brown leaves his wife, Faith, to do an errand within the woods with a man that is believed to be the devil. During the time period in which this took place, the 1620’s, many of the people from the village were practicing Puritanism. Puritanism is an intense practice of religion retrieved from Protestants, only removing its Catholic influence. When Goodman Brown entered the woods to meet the devil, he soon turned intoRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown894 Words   |  4 Pagesread. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, I found several romanticism characteristics to be in this story. One being, the emphasis on feelings and emotions. Nathaniel Hawthorne writes, â€Å"The cry of grief, rage, and terror was yet piercing through the night, when the unhappy husband held his breath for a response.† The cry of anguish and pain are very applicable to the protagonist idea in this story. Brown also expresses feeling when he doesn t want to leave his wife Faith, but he feels that it s his role toRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1975 Words   |  8 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, is the author of the short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† that was written in 1835 (Baym 370). Hawthorne was born in Salem Massachusetts on July 4th, 1804. Hawthorne’s ancestors were of the Puritan descent, and among the first settlers of Massachusetts (Baym 370). During his teen years, Hawthorne was reading stories by British novelists Henry Fielding, Tobias S mollet, and Sir Walter Scott. When he was sixteen he wrote his sister of wanting to become an author and relying of support

Hasidism Free Essays

Heschel and Hasidic Judaism Glenn Dynner Abraham Joshua Heschel glorifies Eastern European rabbinic culture as an advanced, pious sect of Judaism, offering equality to men and women, an easily comprehensible and fair hierarchy of religious power, purity of mind and spirit, and a straightforward and simple path to heaven. Heschel; American rabbi, and leading Jewish theologian and philosopher, describes Hasidic Judaism as a near perfect religious society. Heschel references many Jewish ideologies that assist in proving the superiority of Hasidic Judaism to various other religions; including dissimilar sects of Judaism. We will write a custom essay sample on Hasidism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though Heschel’s argument is strong and he makes many valid points supporting the superiority of the Hasidim, such as the increased vivacity of Jewish life, there exists numerous instances in which he glosses over an ugly, hidden reality of Hasidic life in order to produce a more pristine picture of Hasidic existence. What Heschel fails to mention in his essay, are the numerous power struggles endured by Hasidic leaders, false claims of messianic power, clear evidence of sexism, and an institution that includes an obscure hierarchy that imparts confusion and uncertainty to both leaders of Hasidism and followers alike. Scholars; Jacob Frank, Baal Shem Tov and Solomon Maimon offer new insight, and dissimilar views on the merits of Hasidism in Eastern European culture. Like the distinguished Christian reformists known as the Puritans; the Jewish sect of Hasidism transpired from the dissatisfaction of a small minority who sought to improve the individual’s religious experience by assuming more stringent methods of observations and religious rituals and practices. Eighteenth century Poland served as the venue for this particular religious revitalization. The Hasid recognized strict, relatively inflexible practices that focused even the most mundane, routine chore around the worship of the Jewish God. Hasidism; the plural of Hasid derives from the verb â€Å"Hasid† meaning pious or evote. Unlike previous sect of Judaism who’s followers worshipped God only in the vicinity of a temple on Friday nights, the Hasid show devotion to God through everyday actions and practices. In his essay; East European Jews In Two Worlds: Studies From the Yivo Annual, Heschel depicts how the Hasid revitalize Judaism through the democratization of Jewis h study and worship, a renewed sense of proximity to deity, the introduction of God into everyday activity, a consciousness of the significance of personal actions, and a new sense of self importance and personal responsibility to God. Hasidic Judaism appeals mainly to Jews who feel the conventional form of religious worship and study has become stale and unsentimental. Many of the Hasid grew to resent the tired hierarchal religious structure found in Jewish communities. Hasidism was able to provide the discontent with a renewed feeling of individual significance and proximity to God. The Hasid succeeded in democratizing the study and worship of God, expelling the tired patriarchal rule of worship, and re-instating an egalitarianism society in which each individual experienced a personal relationship with God. In his eulogy on Jewish life in Eastern Europe, Abraham Joshua Heschel discusses the numerous developments made by Rashi, and the Hasid who’s ambition it was to revitalize Jewish religious, and everyday life. By combining both everyday chores, and religious worship, the Hasid were able to establish a way of life that was constantly illuminated by God’s love and glory. Heschel comments on the infusion of religious piety into everyday life. He explains how worship and religious studies evolved from mundane weekly choirs, to an outlet in which life maintained vigor and meaning. The pattern of life was not limited to religious activities. Not only what is to be done on the Sabbath, but also what is to be done in the course of the week, has a definite form. The pattern of prescribes the kinds of food to be eaten on certain days, the manner of putting on and off the shoes, the deportment in the street. † (Heschel, 6). This renewed sense of proximity to deity made Jewish worship much more than a weekly, mechanized due to be paid to God. Heschel explains how Hasidic Judaism re-energized Jewish spirituality and conviction. Hassidim†, he explains, â€Å"brought down heaven upon the earth. They (The Hasid) banished melancholy from the soul and uncovered the great fortune of being a Jew. Jewishness meant rebirth. † (Heschel, 13). Worship was no longer realized through a step-by-step, formal document; worship was realized with each beat of the believer’s heart. The Sabbath, like worship, was no longer confined by days of the week, nor by the walls of the synagogue. Hasidism introduced a new phase of modernity and democratization into the Jewish religion. Knowledge became a right of the male masses; wealth no longer determined who had the privilege to study the Torah. Heschel describes this transformation in his eulogy on Jewish life in Eastern Europe; â€Å"Scholarship†, he says, â€Å"ceased to be the monopoly of the few, and became widely disseminated. † (Heschel, 7). Hasidic Judaism breathed into the religion a new consciousness of the significance that individual deeds and actions had not only on the self, but also the general well being of the Jewish population. The common folk developed a more refined awareness of the actions and beliefs necessary to adapt in order to restore Judaism to its formal glory. For the Hasidim the Kabbalah reinforced a new awareness of their individual deeds, it could even make â€Å"every Jew believe himself somewhat of a Messiah†. (Heschel, 13). Every Jew had the opportunity to find happiness and fulfillment through faith and study. This mentality produced a new sense of self-importance and responsibility to God. Man was born with one mission; to prefect the world by resembling the scattered Sparks of Holiness in the world. Heschel describes the charge each individual Hassidim hopes to assist; â€Å"The send of man’s life†, he says, â€Å"lies in his perfecting the world. He has to distinguish, gather, and redeem the Sparks of Holiness scattered throughout the darkness of the world. † (Heschel, 13). Life for the Hasidim was a mission that God entrusted to each individual. Solomon Maimon; Jewish scholar of the Talmud, and tutor of the young, disputes that Hasidism democratized scholarship. Maimon goes so far as to call religious teachers â€Å"tyrants†. Maimon’s description of these oppressive teachers discredits Heschel’s claim that the Hasid provided religious tolerance and acceptance. Maimon continues to describe an environment that did not provide religious stimulation, but instead suppressed individual thought and progress. Along with the many changes of the fifteenth century, Gutenberg’s printing press was instrumental in spreading Hasidism. This new technology allowed for the spread the Hasid’s literature, captivating new audiences, wherever they spread. Hasidic Judaism has not gone without it’s fair share of dispute and controversy; often from leaders of exterior Judaic sects. Of these disputes, three men; Baal Shem Tov, Sabbatai Sevi, and Jacob Frank, have been most instrumental in challenging the legitimacy of Hasidism. Jacob Frank; a self-declared messiah and well-known religious authority, is often considered to be the founder of the â€Å"anti- Talmudists†. He rejects the Talmud in recognition of the â€Å"Zohar†, a doctrine that allowed Christianity and Judaism to coexist side-by-side. Frank encouraged his followers to seek out â€Å"heretics† and expose them as enemies of the Zohar. Though Frank was able to fuse Christianity and Judaism by referring to himself as an embodiment of one of the three Christian divinities, his teachings and beliefs were far from perfect. Though traditional Jewry was far from perfect, it is unclear whether any of Frank’s so called â€Å"improvements†, were beneficial to the Judaism. Jacob Frank spread his religion by taking advantage of the curiosity Jews had about the Christian sect. Through his work, Frank was able to create a bridge connecting the old religion with the new. Though his followers were looking for a revived, democratic religion that valued truth, and certainty, what many Frankists found were a series of confusing, somewhat irrational claims against the Talmud and the Torah. Frankism was simply to radical, to be accepted by the masses without significant criticism. When many of these dishearten Jews scrutinized Frankism, they found further confusion, bizarre insinuations, and ultimately a man whose main goal was self-proclaimed fame. In hindsight, Frank appears to have little attachment to Judaism, many, myself included, believe that he used Judaism to promote his own reputation and wealth. At the peak of his popularity, Frank was imprisoned and chooses to convert to Christianity, rather then remain loyal to his own teachings. Frankism immediately lost the majority of its followers, many receding to their initial religion. Another Messianic movement, Sabbateanism, founded by Sabbatai Sevi, another self-proclaimed messiah, emerged in the year 1665. Sabbateanism, like Frankish called for a revitalization of Judaic-religio spirit. Sabbateanist claimed that Messianic times had/ become and persuaded followers to disregard the commandments explained in the Torah; calling them unnecessary, and pre-messianic. Sabbateanist engaged in â€Å"sinful† behavior such as polygamy and breaking the Sabbath in order to prove that messianic times had come. These activities general leant to increases upheaval and unrest. Temptations such as these disprove that Heschel’s belief that Hasidic Judaism is indeed a perfect institution. It is arguable that it was the discontentment of the Hasid that allowed these different sects of Judaism to arise. Bal Shem Tov; the alleged founder of Hasidic Judaism, warns against the human tendency to doubt and question, The Baal Shem Tov cautioned the Hasidim: â€Å"Every time you experience a worry or doubt about how God is running the world- that’s Amalek launching an attack against your soul. We must wipe Amalek out of our hearts whenever- and whenever- he attacks so that we cannot serve God with complete joy. † The Bal Shem Tov’s warning suggests that the Hasidic Judaic community has within its people those whose belief is not entirely inflexible. Religious phenomenons such as these disprove Heschel belief in this type of peaceful religious community. In his writings, Heschel’s teachings lend to the impression that the Jewish Rabbinic hierarchy found in Jewish communities was dignified, distinguished and without flaw. This hierarchy; often referred to as the â€Å"Kahal†, is far from perfect. A diagram showing the hierarchy of the Judaic powers demonstrates that a Rabbi’s power was only authentic in his own jurisdiction (the Jewish community), and that local powers in the government could easily censure or nullify any of the Rabbi’s decrees. The Kahal demonstrates that while the Rabbi’s possessed some power, most of it was symbolic, and susceptible to Gentile rule. Though Hasidism did enjoy mass popularization and followings, the religion itself is far from perfection. Like most religious facts, the Hasid experience significant doubt, internal struggle, religious hypocrisy, and many other imperfections that keep Hasidism from reaching any kind of perfection. Though these faults did exist, Hasidism is undoubtedly accredited with the revitalization of Judaism faith and spirituality. How to cite Hasidism, Papers

Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Systems

Question: Discuss about the Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Systems. Answer: Introduction: In this case, two different terms have been chosen for critically evaluate and solve the issues towards IT system development. The critical discussions over the topics are incorporated below: Problems that are puzzles in IT system development: In IT system development, the IT engineers develop different types of coding for framing the system and make it workable. During the stages of development, few puzzle areas can arise, which can create hazard situation in IT system development (Schumacher et al. 2010, p.750). Deadlock can be a puzzled problem in IT system development. This puzzled situation arises due to the interdependency of different systems on each other. In opposed to that, Abrial (2010, p.88) commented the interdependency might necessary for framing an IT system, because the resulting outcome will be helpful for creating the outcome of another system. The deadlock problem arises when two different systems need to lock two different files, in this case, one system waits for the end of the process by another system and get slowed down. The below is an example of a Deadlock in IT system. Figure 1: Deadlock in IT system development (Source: Schumacher et al. 2010, p.751) Problem-solving: Allocating a suitable solution to Deadlock, the IT system developer could wait until the problem fixes automatically. On the other hand, the system development rules or coding can be changed for puzzle free result. Along with this, the puzzle situation can be analysed for providing a solution. Problems with uncertainties in IT system development: The uncertain problem can arise when the system is in the testing phase. For example, for testing the software waterfall model process can be implemented. In that case, the IT developer can reverse back to the previous stage for having any kind of problem. In the words of Tempo et al. (2012, p.114), uncertainty can arise in the context of when the cost of reverse becomes more than the one-way process. At that time, the cost of system development goes higher compared to the budgeted amount and costs higher than the expectation. This kind of problem is uncertain due to the changing cost of system development and that effect on selling price of the software. However, Krogstie (2012, p.77) argued that reverse process in waterfall model of system development is more reliable than the one-way process of waterfall development process, because the expected outcome can be changed by altering the previous stages. Problem-solving: For mitigating the problem, the IT developer would need to have an alternate developing system so that additional costs of development cannot arise. Along with this, additional budget support will be helpful for reducing the cost issues in IT system development. List of references: Abrial, J.R., (2010). Modelling in Event-B: system and software engineering. Cambridge University Press. Krogstie, J., (2012). Model-based development and evolution of information systems: A Quality Approach. Springer Science Business Media. Schumacher, L.L., Gonzales-Tuchmann, A., Yogman, L.T. and Dingman, P.C., (2010). Problem-solving due to Deadlock situation in software development. A system for deadlock condition detection and correction by allowing a queue limit of a number of data tokens on the queue to increase. 7(2), pp.743-782. Tempo, R., Calafiore, G. and Dabbene, F., (2012). Randomised algorithms for analysis and control of uncertain systems: with applications. Springer Science Business Media.